2026 DAVITA FINAL EXAM | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM | ALREADY GRADED A+

2026 DAVITA FINAL EXAM | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM | ALREADY GRADED A+ Explain the four transport mechanisms that play a role in hemodialysis ● Ultrafiltration: Fluid is pushed through a semipermeable membrane. ● Convection: Or solute drag means that solutes move with the water across the semipermeable membrane. In this way, convection adds to the clearance achieved through diffusion as solutes are dragged along with the ultrafiltrate. ● Diffusion: Is the movement of dissolved particles across a semipermeable membrane from the side with the higher concentration to the side with the lower concentration. This difference in solute concentration on each side of the membrane is called concentration gradient. The higher the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion occurs. Once the concentration of a dissolved particle is the same on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, diffusion stops. ● Osmosis: Is a chemical process by which dissolved chemicals will migrate from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. Essentially if you dissolve something in a liquid, the dissolved compounds (called solutes) will spread out until there is an equal concentration of solute everywhere. What are the kidneys excretory functions To normalize electrolytes, remove wastes, provide fluid and nutrient balance What is the function of the acid concentration Provides the concentration gradient for diffusion and helps normalize electrolytes What is the function of bicarbonate Buffers the acid concentrate Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia 5.5 mEq: extreme muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythm, possible cardiac arrest Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia 3.5 mEq: fatigue, muscle weakness, paralysis, respiratory failure, cardiac instability, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest What are the kidneys endocrine functions Renin secretion, Erythropoeitin secretion, Vit D Activation How do we replace normal endocrine kidney functions Provide medications How much of normal kidney function is replaced by hemodialysis 15% What is uremia and how does it affect the body? Uremia is a buildup of wastes in the blood due to kidney failure and affects all body systems. What are the most common causes of CKD in the usa? Diabetes Hypertension Polycystic Kidney Disease Outline the treatment goals for a patient with CKD -slowing the progression of ckd -managing comorbidities and complications -controlling symptoms -minimizing the effects of ckd on patients' lifestyles -kidney replacement therapy modality education -encouraging patients to actively participate in their healthcare Why is it important to know what caused your patients CKD So the nurse and PCT can inquire about possible problems during data collection and assessment Why is sodium balance important? Leads to volume expansion, increased cardiac output, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased blood pressure Signs and symptoms of fluid imbalance Edema, hypertension, shortness of breath Systemic effects of CKD what would you advise for a patient who complains of: dry itchy skin, peripheral neuropathy(nerve pain in extremities) and gi problems Use hyper-fatted soaps and lotions, monitor patient for changes in motor function and inform RN and physician of any bleeding problems/constipation/diarrhea What is the consequences of prolonged fluid overload and hypertension Left ventricular hypertrophy What is Percarditis? Inflammation of the membrane (pericardial sac) around the heart What is a common cause of hypertension in dialysis patients fluid overload Left ventricular hypertrophy leads to Ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and sudden death Why are dialysis patients anemic? 1. the lifespan of their red blood cell is 60 days 1/2 of the normal 120 days. What can you do to avoid contributing to lower hemoglobin and blood loss in dialysis patients Verify correct Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent (ESA) dose is administered, rinse back until venous line is pink tinged, and avoid repeat lab draws What are the 4 key elements contributing to CKD-mineral bone disorder(MBD) 1. Calcium 2. Phosphorus 3. PTH 4. Vitamin D (Calcitriol) What are the symptoms of CKD-MBD in addition to bone disease Soft tissue calcification, itching, muscle weakness, pathological fractures, tendon ruptures, compression of vertebrae, atherosclerosis, heart disease