PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NU 545-- UNIT 5--
PULMONARY/ KIDNEY I | QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | RATED 100%
CORRECT.
Alveolar Type 1 cells - ANSWERS-Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Alveolar Type 2 cells - ANSWERS-Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant - ANSWERS-A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the
alveolus and facilitates its expansion during inspiration. Lowers alveolar
surface tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse. Contributes to
control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Surface Tension - ANSWERS-The tendency for liquid molecules that are
exposed to air to adhere to one another. This phenomenon decreases the
surface area exposed to the air.
Law of Laplace - ANSWERS-The pressure required to inflate a sphere is equal
to two times the surface tension divided by the radius of the sphere, or
P=2T/r.
Alveolar ventilation - ANSWERS-Distention, is made possible by surfactant,
which lowers the surface tension by coating the air-liquid interface in the
alveoli.
,Infant Surfactant - ANSWERS-Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is
secreted into the fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS-Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic
productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of the year (usually
the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS-Inspired irritants result in airway
inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes
into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS-Decreased exercise
intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive cough, evidence of airway
obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of sputum,
frequent pulmonary infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly
reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV) measurements are increased,
decreased alveolar ventilation, increased PaCO2,polycythemia, cyanosis,
pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or death.
Ventilation - ANSWERS-The mechanical movement of gas or air into and out
the lungs.
Respiration - ANSWERS-The exchange of O2 and CO2 during cellular
metabolism.
PAO2 - ANSWERS-The amount of oxygen in the alveoli.
Gas Transport - ANSWERS-The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and
the removal of CO2.
, Pors of Kohn - ANSWERS-Tiny pores which permit some air to pass through
the septa from alveolus to alveolus, promoting collateral ventilation and even
distribution of air among the alveoli.
Asthma - ANSWERS-A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa
that causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and
variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
Acinus - ANSWERS-Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and
alveoli.
Early Asthmatic Response - ANSWERS-Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa
activates dendritic cells to present the antigen to CD4+ Tcells, which
differentiate into Th2 cells. These cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5,
IL-8 & IL-13.
IL-4 - ANSWERS-In Asthmatic response it stimulates B-cell activation,
proliferation, and production of antigen-specific IgE.
IgE - ANSWERS-In asthmatic response it causes mast cell degranulation with
the release of a large number of inflammatory mediators (histamine,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)
IL-5 - ANSWERS-In asthmatic response it stimulates the activation, migration,
and proliferation of eosinophils, which cause direct tissue injury and release
toxic neuropeptides that contribute to increased bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, and airway scarring.
IL-8 - ANSWERS-In asthmatic response it activates polymorphonucleocytes
that contribute to a more exaggerated inflammatory response.
PULMONARY/ KIDNEY I | QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | RATED 100%
CORRECT.
Alveolar Type 1 cells - ANSWERS-Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Alveolar Type 2 cells - ANSWERS-Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant - ANSWERS-A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the
alveolus and facilitates its expansion during inspiration. Lowers alveolar
surface tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse. Contributes to
control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Surface Tension - ANSWERS-The tendency for liquid molecules that are
exposed to air to adhere to one another. This phenomenon decreases the
surface area exposed to the air.
Law of Laplace - ANSWERS-The pressure required to inflate a sphere is equal
to two times the surface tension divided by the radius of the sphere, or
P=2T/r.
Alveolar ventilation - ANSWERS-Distention, is made possible by surfactant,
which lowers the surface tension by coating the air-liquid interface in the
alveoli.
,Infant Surfactant - ANSWERS-Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is
secreted into the fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS-Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic
productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of the year (usually
the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS-Inspired irritants result in airway
inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes
into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS-Decreased exercise
intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive cough, evidence of airway
obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of sputum,
frequent pulmonary infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly
reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV) measurements are increased,
decreased alveolar ventilation, increased PaCO2,polycythemia, cyanosis,
pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or death.
Ventilation - ANSWERS-The mechanical movement of gas or air into and out
the lungs.
Respiration - ANSWERS-The exchange of O2 and CO2 during cellular
metabolism.
PAO2 - ANSWERS-The amount of oxygen in the alveoli.
Gas Transport - ANSWERS-The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and
the removal of CO2.
, Pors of Kohn - ANSWERS-Tiny pores which permit some air to pass through
the septa from alveolus to alveolus, promoting collateral ventilation and even
distribution of air among the alveoli.
Asthma - ANSWERS-A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa
that causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and
variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
Acinus - ANSWERS-Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and
alveoli.
Early Asthmatic Response - ANSWERS-Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa
activates dendritic cells to present the antigen to CD4+ Tcells, which
differentiate into Th2 cells. These cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5,
IL-8 & IL-13.
IL-4 - ANSWERS-In Asthmatic response it stimulates B-cell activation,
proliferation, and production of antigen-specific IgE.
IgE - ANSWERS-In asthmatic response it causes mast cell degranulation with
the release of a large number of inflammatory mediators (histamine,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)
IL-5 - ANSWERS-In asthmatic response it stimulates the activation, migration,
and proliferation of eosinophils, which cause direct tissue injury and release
toxic neuropeptides that contribute to increased bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, and airway scarring.
IL-8 - ANSWERS-In asthmatic response it activates polymorphonucleocytes
that contribute to a more exaggerated inflammatory response.
