Exam Pack for
Clinical Medicine - Endocrinology
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** Expert-Verified Explanation
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,Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoid cortisol --> released in response to stress and low
blood glucose
also makes androgens
has 17-alpha-hydroxylase which makes cortisol and androgens
Zona reticularis produces precursor androgens --> dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
also makes cortisol
Zona fasciculate/reticularis atrophy with _____ and atrophy with ACTH not present
hypertrophy with ____ hypertrophy with excessive ACTH
Adrenal medulla inner region
produces catecholamines (epinephrine/adrenaline and
norepinephrine/noradrenaline)
regulated by sympathetic nerves --> responsible for fight/flight
Steroid hormones mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
weak androgens (androstenedione and DHEA)
all begins with cholesterol
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) regulates electrolyte balance via kidney
produced in glomerulosa cells --> expresses the enzyme aldosterone synthesis
Cortisol aka glucocorticoid
secreted in response to stress
anti-insulin metabolic effects: mobilizes glucose and fatty acids
maintains vascular responsiveness: pressure effect of catecholamines
anti-inflammatory immune functions (leukocytosis with neutrophilia)
increases hepatic gluconeogenesis
inhibits fibroblasts causing collagen and CT loss
inhibits bone formation by RANK-L pathway
alters intestinal calcium absorption --> hypocalcemia
Cortisol feedback loop hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis:
-hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates release of
ACTH from anterior pituitary
-ACTH stimulates cortisol
-cortisol has negative feedback by inhibiting secretion of CRH and ACTH
,Cortisol circadian rhythm levels decrease during first few hours of sleep
elevates during 3rd-5th hours of sleep with largest secretion during 6th-8th
hours
highest peak at 8am
can be affected by physical stressors, mental stressors, pituitary disorders,
Cushing's, liver disease, renal failure, and alcoholism
Aldosterone conserves Na in extracellular fluid and promotes K excretion
main site of action: renal collecting duct
mediated via mineralocorticoid receptor
renin-angiotensin system is responsible for aldosterone secretion
Epinephrine and norepinephrine stress results in enhanced secretion of these
short term stress response --> increased CO, bronchodilation, elevated blood
glucose concentration
Hypothalamus is located in diencephalon
situated between cerebrum and brain stem
Hypothalamus function efferent connections: output to endocrine via pituitary, influences
parasympathetic outflow, output to reticular formation and limbic system
body temperature regulation
circadian rhythm
Pancreas is located in retroperitoneum
behind stomach L2 level with head/neck in duodenum and body/tail behind
left kidney
Pancreas function exocrine - produces enzymes for digestion
endocrine - pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) which produces hormones like
insulin and glucagon
Pancreas - alpha cells produces glucagon --> antagonizes actions of insulin to increase blood
glucose concentration, secretion --> inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and
somatostatin
, Pancreas - beta cells secretes insulin --> suppresses glucagon, reduces glucose, increases K uptake
--> inhibited by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and somatostatin
Pancreas - delta cells secretes somatostatin
inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
Parathyroid 4 small glands located on posterior surface of thyroid
secretes parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) maintenance of calcium (increases) and phosphate (decreases) levels in serum
increases bone resorption of calcium
antagonist to calcitonin
PTH is inhibited by vitamin D, high levels of calcium, or low levels of phosphate
Pineal gland photoreceptive organ in brain with neurosecretory cells
secretes melatonin
Pituitary gland aka master gland - orchestrates activities of others
suspended from hypothalamus by infundibulum and housed in sella turcica of
sphenoid bone
Posterior pituitary gland aka neurohypophysis
secretes antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin --> controls water balance and
stimulated by increased ECF and decreased blood volume
secretes oxytocin --> stimulates uterine contractions, lactation, and bonding
also secretes ADH
Anterior pituitary gland aka. adenohypophysis
secretes 6 hormones:
growth hormone - stimulated by GHRH, inhibited by somatostatin
thyroid-stimulating hormone - stimulated by TRH
adrenocorticotropin hormone - stimulated by CRH
follicle stimulating hormone - stimulated by GnRH
luteinizing hormone - stimulated by GnRH
prolactin - does not control release of another, under negative control by
dopamine
Clinical Medicine - Endocrinology
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Question with Correct Answer
** Latest Edition | Updated
,Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoid cortisol --> released in response to stress and low
blood glucose
also makes androgens
has 17-alpha-hydroxylase which makes cortisol and androgens
Zona reticularis produces precursor androgens --> dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
also makes cortisol
Zona fasciculate/reticularis atrophy with _____ and atrophy with ACTH not present
hypertrophy with ____ hypertrophy with excessive ACTH
Adrenal medulla inner region
produces catecholamines (epinephrine/adrenaline and
norepinephrine/noradrenaline)
regulated by sympathetic nerves --> responsible for fight/flight
Steroid hormones mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
weak androgens (androstenedione and DHEA)
all begins with cholesterol
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) regulates electrolyte balance via kidney
produced in glomerulosa cells --> expresses the enzyme aldosterone synthesis
Cortisol aka glucocorticoid
secreted in response to stress
anti-insulin metabolic effects: mobilizes glucose and fatty acids
maintains vascular responsiveness: pressure effect of catecholamines
anti-inflammatory immune functions (leukocytosis with neutrophilia)
increases hepatic gluconeogenesis
inhibits fibroblasts causing collagen and CT loss
inhibits bone formation by RANK-L pathway
alters intestinal calcium absorption --> hypocalcemia
Cortisol feedback loop hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis:
-hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates release of
ACTH from anterior pituitary
-ACTH stimulates cortisol
-cortisol has negative feedback by inhibiting secretion of CRH and ACTH
,Cortisol circadian rhythm levels decrease during first few hours of sleep
elevates during 3rd-5th hours of sleep with largest secretion during 6th-8th
hours
highest peak at 8am
can be affected by physical stressors, mental stressors, pituitary disorders,
Cushing's, liver disease, renal failure, and alcoholism
Aldosterone conserves Na in extracellular fluid and promotes K excretion
main site of action: renal collecting duct
mediated via mineralocorticoid receptor
renin-angiotensin system is responsible for aldosterone secretion
Epinephrine and norepinephrine stress results in enhanced secretion of these
short term stress response --> increased CO, bronchodilation, elevated blood
glucose concentration
Hypothalamus is located in diencephalon
situated between cerebrum and brain stem
Hypothalamus function efferent connections: output to endocrine via pituitary, influences
parasympathetic outflow, output to reticular formation and limbic system
body temperature regulation
circadian rhythm
Pancreas is located in retroperitoneum
behind stomach L2 level with head/neck in duodenum and body/tail behind
left kidney
Pancreas function exocrine - produces enzymes for digestion
endocrine - pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) which produces hormones like
insulin and glucagon
Pancreas - alpha cells produces glucagon --> antagonizes actions of insulin to increase blood
glucose concentration, secretion --> inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and
somatostatin
, Pancreas - beta cells secretes insulin --> suppresses glucagon, reduces glucose, increases K uptake
--> inhibited by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and somatostatin
Pancreas - delta cells secretes somatostatin
inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
Parathyroid 4 small glands located on posterior surface of thyroid
secretes parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) maintenance of calcium (increases) and phosphate (decreases) levels in serum
increases bone resorption of calcium
antagonist to calcitonin
PTH is inhibited by vitamin D, high levels of calcium, or low levels of phosphate
Pineal gland photoreceptive organ in brain with neurosecretory cells
secretes melatonin
Pituitary gland aka master gland - orchestrates activities of others
suspended from hypothalamus by infundibulum and housed in sella turcica of
sphenoid bone
Posterior pituitary gland aka neurohypophysis
secretes antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin --> controls water balance and
stimulated by increased ECF and decreased blood volume
secretes oxytocin --> stimulates uterine contractions, lactation, and bonding
also secretes ADH
Anterior pituitary gland aka. adenohypophysis
secretes 6 hormones:
growth hormone - stimulated by GHRH, inhibited by somatostatin
thyroid-stimulating hormone - stimulated by TRH
adrenocorticotropin hormone - stimulated by CRH
follicle stimulating hormone - stimulated by GnRH
luteinizing hormone - stimulated by GnRH
prolactin - does not control release of another, under negative control by
dopamine
