Exam Pack for
Chapter 1- 4 : Anatomy and
Physiology
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Question with Correct Answer
** Latest Edition | Updated
,Anatomy the study of the structure of the body
Physiology the study of the function of the body
Chemical level represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level
and molecular level)
Cellular level represents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level a group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level a group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level a group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards
Skeletal System supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular System movement, support and produces heat
Nervous System controls immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System controls long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system
Respiratory System exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues
,Digestive System ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes
Urinary System filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate
waste products
Reproductive System produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction
homeostasis condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow
physiological limits
homeostatic regulation adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis
receptor monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control
center
control (integration) center receives input from receptor & determines appropriate response
effector cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces
a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output
(efferent pathway) -> response
positive feedback the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the
change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the
baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby ...
against the cervix causes uterine contraction, etc.
Negative feedback the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that
change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When
blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in ...
glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and
lowering blood sugar level.
Anatomical position patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head
Cranial upper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial face
, cervical neck
thoracic chest
axillary armpit
acromial point of shoulder
deltoid fleshy portion of shoulder
brachial upper arm
antebrachial forearm
antecubital front of elbow
carpal wrist
manual hand
digital (phalangeal) fingers or toes
abdominal region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal back
lumbar lower back
olecranol back of elbow
pelvic pelvis
Chapter 1- 4 : Anatomy and
Physiology
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Question with Correct Answer
** Latest Edition | Updated
,Anatomy the study of the structure of the body
Physiology the study of the function of the body
Chemical level represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level
and molecular level)
Cellular level represents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level a group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level a group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level a group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards
Skeletal System supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular System movement, support and produces heat
Nervous System controls immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System controls long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system
Respiratory System exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues
,Digestive System ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes
Urinary System filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate
waste products
Reproductive System produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction
homeostasis condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow
physiological limits
homeostatic regulation adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis
receptor monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control
center
control (integration) center receives input from receptor & determines appropriate response
effector cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces
a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output
(efferent pathway) -> response
positive feedback the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the
change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the
baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby ...
against the cervix causes uterine contraction, etc.
Negative feedback the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that
change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When
blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in ...
glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and
lowering blood sugar level.
Anatomical position patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head
Cranial upper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial face
, cervical neck
thoracic chest
axillary armpit
acromial point of shoulder
deltoid fleshy portion of shoulder
brachial upper arm
antebrachial forearm
antecubital front of elbow
carpal wrist
manual hand
digital (phalangeal) fingers or toes
abdominal region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal back
lumbar lower back
olecranol back of elbow
pelvic pelvis
