USAHS NEURO CORRECT FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Parkinsonisms - ✔✔Group of disorders mimicking PD but with bilateral onset and
limited levodopa response (e.g., PSP, MSA).
✔✔UMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyperreflexia, hypertonia/spasticity, weakness, Babinski
sign, minimal atrophy.
✔✔LMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, weakness, fasciculations, significant
atrophy.
✔✔UMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyperreflexia, hypertonia/spasticity, weakness, Babinski
sign, minimal atrophy.
✔✔LMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, weakness, fasciculations, significant
atrophy.
✔✔CN I Olfactory - ✔✔Sensory; smell; originates from inferior frontal lobe; tested with
familiar scents; lesion → anosmia.
✔✔CN II Optic - ✔✔Sensory; vision (acuity, visual fields); afferent limb of pupillary
reflex; originates in diencephalon; Snellen chart is gold standard.
✔✔CN III Oculomotor - ✔✔Motor; eye movements (sup, med, inf rectus + inf oblique),
eyelid elevation, pupil constriction; originates in anterior midbrain.
✔✔CN IV Trochlear - ✔✔Motor; eye movement: down & in (superior oblique); originates
in posterior midbrain.
✔✔CN V Trigeminal - ✔✔Mixed; sensory to face (V1 forehead, V2 cheek, V3 jaw),
motor to muscles of mastication; originates in lateral pons.
, ✔✔CN VI Abducens - ✔✔Motor; abducts the eye (lateral rectus); originates at
pontomedullary junction.
✔✔CN VII Facial - ✔✔Mixed; facial expression, taste (ant 2/3), eyelid closure,
salivation, tearing; originates at pontomedullary junction.
✔✔CN VIII Vestibulocochlear - ✔✔Sensory; hearing & balance; originates at
pontomedullary junction.
✔✔CN IX Glossopharyngeal - ✔✔Mixed; taste posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx sensation,
swallowing; originates in medulla.
✔✔CN X Vagus - ✔✔Mixed; parasympathetic regulation of organs, swallowing, voice;
originates in medulla.
✔✔CN XI Accessory - ✔✔Motor; shoulder shrug (traps), head turning (SCM); originates
in medulla + upper cervical SC.
✔✔CN XII Hypoglossal - ✔✔Motor; tongue movement; originates in medulla.
✔✔UMN facial nerve lesion - ✔✔Contralateral weakness of lower face only (forehead
spared due to bilateral innervation).
✔✔LMN facial nerve lesion - ✔✔Ipsilateral paralysis of entire face (upper + lower); e.g.,
Bell's palsy.
✔✔Lateral corticospinal tract - ✔✔Voluntary fractionated movement; decussates at
pyramids; lesions cause contralateral UMN signs.
✔✔Medial vestibulospinal tract - ✔✔Involuntary; stabilizes head, neck, upper trunk for
balance; responds to head position.
✔✔Lateral vestibulospinal tract - ✔✔Involuntary; activates extensor muscles for postural
stability and balance.
✔✔Reticulospinal tract - ✔✔Involuntary; anticipatory postural adjustments, coordination
of trunk & proximal limb movements.
✔✔Pupillary light reflex - ✔✔Light in one eye → that pupil constricts (direct) + opposite
pupil constricts (consensual); afferent = CN II, efferent = CN III.
✔✔DCML pathway - ✔✔Vibration, discriminative touch, proprioception; ipsilateral until
medulla; travels through dorsal columns.
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Parkinsonisms - ✔✔Group of disorders mimicking PD but with bilateral onset and
limited levodopa response (e.g., PSP, MSA).
✔✔UMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyperreflexia, hypertonia/spasticity, weakness, Babinski
sign, minimal atrophy.
✔✔LMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, weakness, fasciculations, significant
atrophy.
✔✔UMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyperreflexia, hypertonia/spasticity, weakness, Babinski
sign, minimal atrophy.
✔✔LMN lesion signs - ✔✔Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, weakness, fasciculations, significant
atrophy.
✔✔CN I Olfactory - ✔✔Sensory; smell; originates from inferior frontal lobe; tested with
familiar scents; lesion → anosmia.
✔✔CN II Optic - ✔✔Sensory; vision (acuity, visual fields); afferent limb of pupillary
reflex; originates in diencephalon; Snellen chart is gold standard.
✔✔CN III Oculomotor - ✔✔Motor; eye movements (sup, med, inf rectus + inf oblique),
eyelid elevation, pupil constriction; originates in anterior midbrain.
✔✔CN IV Trochlear - ✔✔Motor; eye movement: down & in (superior oblique); originates
in posterior midbrain.
✔✔CN V Trigeminal - ✔✔Mixed; sensory to face (V1 forehead, V2 cheek, V3 jaw),
motor to muscles of mastication; originates in lateral pons.
, ✔✔CN VI Abducens - ✔✔Motor; abducts the eye (lateral rectus); originates at
pontomedullary junction.
✔✔CN VII Facial - ✔✔Mixed; facial expression, taste (ant 2/3), eyelid closure,
salivation, tearing; originates at pontomedullary junction.
✔✔CN VIII Vestibulocochlear - ✔✔Sensory; hearing & balance; originates at
pontomedullary junction.
✔✔CN IX Glossopharyngeal - ✔✔Mixed; taste posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx sensation,
swallowing; originates in medulla.
✔✔CN X Vagus - ✔✔Mixed; parasympathetic regulation of organs, swallowing, voice;
originates in medulla.
✔✔CN XI Accessory - ✔✔Motor; shoulder shrug (traps), head turning (SCM); originates
in medulla + upper cervical SC.
✔✔CN XII Hypoglossal - ✔✔Motor; tongue movement; originates in medulla.
✔✔UMN facial nerve lesion - ✔✔Contralateral weakness of lower face only (forehead
spared due to bilateral innervation).
✔✔LMN facial nerve lesion - ✔✔Ipsilateral paralysis of entire face (upper + lower); e.g.,
Bell's palsy.
✔✔Lateral corticospinal tract - ✔✔Voluntary fractionated movement; decussates at
pyramids; lesions cause contralateral UMN signs.
✔✔Medial vestibulospinal tract - ✔✔Involuntary; stabilizes head, neck, upper trunk for
balance; responds to head position.
✔✔Lateral vestibulospinal tract - ✔✔Involuntary; activates extensor muscles for postural
stability and balance.
✔✔Reticulospinal tract - ✔✔Involuntary; anticipatory postural adjustments, coordination
of trunk & proximal limb movements.
✔✔Pupillary light reflex - ✔✔Light in one eye → that pupil constricts (direct) + opposite
pupil constricts (consensual); afferent = CN II, efferent = CN III.
✔✔DCML pathway - ✔✔Vibration, discriminative touch, proprioception; ipsilateral until
medulla; travels through dorsal columns.
