NBCRNA Review 2026/2027 ACTUAL
COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS/ VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECTLY SOLVED)
GRADED A+ / NEWEST VERSION!!
Describe the architecture of an atom
-The atom is the basic building block that makes up all matter
-Protons (+) charge
-Neutrons (neutral) charge
-Electrons (-) charge
-Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom (nucleus), electrons orbit the
nucleus in the electron cloud
What is resting membrane potential in ventricular myocytes? Threshold
potential?
RMP: -90 mV
TP: -70 mV
How do you know if an atom carries a charge?
What is a charged atom called?
An atom will have a neutral charge if electrons = protons
A positive charge if protons > electrons
A negative charge if electrons > protons
An ion is an atom that carries a positive or negative charge.
An ion with a positive charge is called a cation
An ion with a negative charge is called an anion
basic sequence of the synthesis of endogenous catecholamines
Tyrosine converted by tyrosine hydroxylase > Dopa
Dopa converted by aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase > Dopamine
Dopamine converted by Dopamine B hydroxylase > NE
NE converted by phentylethnolamine N methyltransferase > Epi
What is an ionic bond?
,An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons from one atom to
another. This leaves one atom with a negative charge and the other with a positive
charge. Metals tend to form ionic bonds.
Ionic bonds are common with metals as well as acids and bases.
Do the following structures elongate/tense or shorten/relax; motor innervation?
- Vocalis
- Cricothyroid
- Thyroarytenoid
-Vocalis: shortens/relaxes; RLN
-Cricothyroid: elongates/tenses; SLN-external branch
-Thyroarytenoid: shortens/relaxes; RLN
What is a covalent bond?
Involves the equal sharing of electrons. This is the strongest type of bond.
Depolarization throughout the heart is facilitated by what structures?
Gap junctions
What is a polar covalent bond?
an "in-between" type of bond
Atoms share electrons, but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the
other. This creates a polar molecule where one area of the molecule is relatively
positive and the other is relatively negative.
dietary amino acid that is necessary for catecholamine synthesis
tyrosine
What are Van der Waals forces?
Describe a very weak intermolecular force that holds molecules of the same type
together.
Electrons orbiting a molecule are in constant motion. This creates a temporary partial +
and - charge at different parts of the molecule at any given time. The net result is that
electron rich areas of one molecule will be attracted to electron poor areas of another
molecule.
This is the weakest type of molecular attraction.
What muscle closes the laryngeal vestibules?
Eryepiglottic
Define automaticity
The ability to spontaneously generate an action potential
Define Dalton's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the OR.
Dalton's law of partial pressures says that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture.
Ways to apply Dalton's law:
-Calculate the partial pressure of an unmeasured gas
,-Calculate the total pressure
-Convert partial pressure to volumes %
-Convert volume % to partial pressure
At sea level, the agent monitor measures end-tidal sevoflurane as 3%. What is the
partial pressure of sevoflurane in the exhaled tidal volume?
Partial pressure = volumes % x total pressure
Partial pressure = 0.03 x 760 mmHg
Answer = 22.8
how are catecholamines metabolized?
by 2 enzymes
1. COMT (catechol-o-metiltransferase) found in synapse
2. MAO (mono-amine oxidase) found in mitochonidria of nerve cell in
(many metabolites formed and some can be used)
forgive the spelling.. i just don't care
Define Henry's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the operating
room.
At constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in solution is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution.
The higher the gas pressure, the more of it will dissolve into a liquid.
Increased temp = decreased solubility
Decreased temp = increased solubility.
Ways we can apply Henry's law:
-Anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic patient
-Dissolved oxygen in the oxygen carrying capacity equation (CaO2)
What muscle closes the posterior commissure of the glottis
Interarytenoid
Describe Fick's law of diffusion
-Describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
-Rate of transfer is proportional to: partial pressure difference, diffusion coefficient,
membrane surface area
-Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and molecular weight
List the extrinsic muscles of the larynx that elevate the larynx
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
, Stylopharyngeus
Thyrohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylish Gentlemen Style Their Mistress Daily
What are clinical examples of Fick's law of diffusion?
-Diffusion hypoxia
-A patient with COPD has a reduced alveolar surface area, and therefore has a slower
rate of inhalation induction
-Calculation of CO
-Drug transfer across the placenta
review of the PNS and SNS
...
Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lussac
Boyle's law has an inverse relationship. As one variable gets larger, the other gets
smaller, and vice versa.
Charles's and Gay-Lussac's law have direct relationships. As one variable gets larger,
the other gets larger, and vice versa.
Define excitability
Ability to respond to an electrical stimulus by depolarizing and firing an AP
List examples of how Boyle's law can be applied in the OR
Boyle's law = P x V
Diaphragm contraction increases tidal volume
Pneumatic bellows
Squeezing an ambu bag
Using the bourdon pressure gauge to calculate how much O2 is left in an O2 tank
RMP is established by what 3 mechanisms?
1. Chemical force
2. Electrostatic counterforce
3. Sodium/potassium ATPase
explain the PNS beginning with the parasympathetic nerve
1. long preganglionic fiber
2. synapse at ganglia
3. neurotransmitter is ACh
4. nicotinic-cholinergic receptor at the ganglia
5. muscarinic cholinergic receptor post ganglia (at effector tissue)
6. short post ganglionic fiber (ganglia very close to the actual tissue)
List several examples of how Charles's law can be applied in the OR
COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS/ VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECTLY SOLVED)
GRADED A+ / NEWEST VERSION!!
Describe the architecture of an atom
-The atom is the basic building block that makes up all matter
-Protons (+) charge
-Neutrons (neutral) charge
-Electrons (-) charge
-Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom (nucleus), electrons orbit the
nucleus in the electron cloud
What is resting membrane potential in ventricular myocytes? Threshold
potential?
RMP: -90 mV
TP: -70 mV
How do you know if an atom carries a charge?
What is a charged atom called?
An atom will have a neutral charge if electrons = protons
A positive charge if protons > electrons
A negative charge if electrons > protons
An ion is an atom that carries a positive or negative charge.
An ion with a positive charge is called a cation
An ion with a negative charge is called an anion
basic sequence of the synthesis of endogenous catecholamines
Tyrosine converted by tyrosine hydroxylase > Dopa
Dopa converted by aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase > Dopamine
Dopamine converted by Dopamine B hydroxylase > NE
NE converted by phentylethnolamine N methyltransferase > Epi
What is an ionic bond?
,An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons from one atom to
another. This leaves one atom with a negative charge and the other with a positive
charge. Metals tend to form ionic bonds.
Ionic bonds are common with metals as well as acids and bases.
Do the following structures elongate/tense or shorten/relax; motor innervation?
- Vocalis
- Cricothyroid
- Thyroarytenoid
-Vocalis: shortens/relaxes; RLN
-Cricothyroid: elongates/tenses; SLN-external branch
-Thyroarytenoid: shortens/relaxes; RLN
What is a covalent bond?
Involves the equal sharing of electrons. This is the strongest type of bond.
Depolarization throughout the heart is facilitated by what structures?
Gap junctions
What is a polar covalent bond?
an "in-between" type of bond
Atoms share electrons, but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the
other. This creates a polar molecule where one area of the molecule is relatively
positive and the other is relatively negative.
dietary amino acid that is necessary for catecholamine synthesis
tyrosine
What are Van der Waals forces?
Describe a very weak intermolecular force that holds molecules of the same type
together.
Electrons orbiting a molecule are in constant motion. This creates a temporary partial +
and - charge at different parts of the molecule at any given time. The net result is that
electron rich areas of one molecule will be attracted to electron poor areas of another
molecule.
This is the weakest type of molecular attraction.
What muscle closes the laryngeal vestibules?
Eryepiglottic
Define automaticity
The ability to spontaneously generate an action potential
Define Dalton's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the OR.
Dalton's law of partial pressures says that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture.
Ways to apply Dalton's law:
-Calculate the partial pressure of an unmeasured gas
,-Calculate the total pressure
-Convert partial pressure to volumes %
-Convert volume % to partial pressure
At sea level, the agent monitor measures end-tidal sevoflurane as 3%. What is the
partial pressure of sevoflurane in the exhaled tidal volume?
Partial pressure = volumes % x total pressure
Partial pressure = 0.03 x 760 mmHg
Answer = 22.8
how are catecholamines metabolized?
by 2 enzymes
1. COMT (catechol-o-metiltransferase) found in synapse
2. MAO (mono-amine oxidase) found in mitochonidria of nerve cell in
(many metabolites formed and some can be used)
forgive the spelling.. i just don't care
Define Henry's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the operating
room.
At constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in solution is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution.
The higher the gas pressure, the more of it will dissolve into a liquid.
Increased temp = decreased solubility
Decreased temp = increased solubility.
Ways we can apply Henry's law:
-Anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic patient
-Dissolved oxygen in the oxygen carrying capacity equation (CaO2)
What muscle closes the posterior commissure of the glottis
Interarytenoid
Describe Fick's law of diffusion
-Describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
-Rate of transfer is proportional to: partial pressure difference, diffusion coefficient,
membrane surface area
-Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and molecular weight
List the extrinsic muscles of the larynx that elevate the larynx
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
, Stylopharyngeus
Thyrohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylish Gentlemen Style Their Mistress Daily
What are clinical examples of Fick's law of diffusion?
-Diffusion hypoxia
-A patient with COPD has a reduced alveolar surface area, and therefore has a slower
rate of inhalation induction
-Calculation of CO
-Drug transfer across the placenta
review of the PNS and SNS
...
Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lussac
Boyle's law has an inverse relationship. As one variable gets larger, the other gets
smaller, and vice versa.
Charles's and Gay-Lussac's law have direct relationships. As one variable gets larger,
the other gets larger, and vice versa.
Define excitability
Ability to respond to an electrical stimulus by depolarizing and firing an AP
List examples of how Boyle's law can be applied in the OR
Boyle's law = P x V
Diaphragm contraction increases tidal volume
Pneumatic bellows
Squeezing an ambu bag
Using the bourdon pressure gauge to calculate how much O2 is left in an O2 tank
RMP is established by what 3 mechanisms?
1. Chemical force
2. Electrostatic counterforce
3. Sodium/potassium ATPase
explain the PNS beginning with the parasympathetic nerve
1. long preganglionic fiber
2. synapse at ganglia
3. neurotransmitter is ACh
4. nicotinic-cholinergic receptor at the ganglia
5. muscarinic cholinergic receptor post ganglia (at effector tissue)
6. short post ganglionic fiber (ganglia very close to the actual tissue)
List several examples of how Charles's law can be applied in the OR
