BIL 255 ACTUAL COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔standard free energy change - ✔✔The free-energy change measured at a defined
concentration, temperature, and pressure. (See also free-energy change.)
✔✔when [x]/[y] = 1 the vaule of ∆G --- the value of ∆Gº - ✔✔equal
✔✔Equilibrium constant is directly prop to - ✔✔∆Gº
✔✔activated carriers - ✔✔small organic molecules that contain one or more energy-rich
covalent bonds. A small molecule that stores energy or chemical groups in a form that
can be donated to many different metabolic reactions
✔✔The Formation of an Activated Carrier Is Coupled to an Reaction - ✔✔Energetically
Favorable
✔✔ - ✔✔Energy released by the metabolism of food molecules is captured in the form
of high-energy phosphate bonds (~P) that are used to power all other cell reactions.
After the high-energy bonds are hydrolyzed, the phosphate released is recycled and
reused, as indicated.
✔✔what provides the driving force for most of the energy-requiring reactions -
✔✔hydrolysis of atp
✔✔How is ATP synthesized? - ✔✔Via a condensation reaction between ADP
(adenosine diohosphate) + P ( inorganic phosphate) using energy from an energy
releasing reaction eg the breakdown of glucose in respiration. UNFAVORABLE
phosphorylation
✔✔Phosphorylation is a --- rxn - ✔✔condensation
, ✔✔NADH - ✔✔The reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions
in cellular respiration
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons
from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons
for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.
Used for reactions that would be unfavorable
✔✔protein functions - ✔✔catalyzing chemical reactions (enzymes), transporting
molecules across membranes, transmitting signals, moving organelles, and forming
molecular machines. Specialized proteins also serve roles as antibodies, hormones,
toxins, elastic fibers, antifreeze agents, or light producers.
✔✔structural proteins - ✔✔provide physical stability and movement
✔✔transport protein - ✔✔carry small molecules/ions
✔✔motor protein - ✔✔generate movement in cells and tissues
✔✔storage protein - ✔✔store amino acids or ions
✔✔transcription regulators - ✔✔bind to DNA to switch genes on and off
✔✔how do proteins bond - ✔✔through peptide bonds. the carbon atom of the carboxyl
group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group
of a second amino acid. Because a molecule of water is eliminated, peptide bond
formation is classified as a condensation reaction
✔✔polypeptide backbone - ✔✔Repeating sequence of atoms (-N-C-C-) that forms the
core of a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached.
✔✔polypeptide terminus - ✔✔N for amino (amino terminus)
C for the carboxyl (carboxyl terminus)
✔✔side chains of amino acids - ✔✔give amin acids their identity
✔✔amino acid properties - ✔✔half are polar/hydrophilic. HALF of these have netural
charges
half are nonpolar/hydrophobic
✔✔noncovalent bonds that help proteins fold - ✔✔hydrogen bonds, electrostatic
attractions, and van der Waals attraction, hydrophobic force
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔standard free energy change - ✔✔The free-energy change measured at a defined
concentration, temperature, and pressure. (See also free-energy change.)
✔✔when [x]/[y] = 1 the vaule of ∆G --- the value of ∆Gº - ✔✔equal
✔✔Equilibrium constant is directly prop to - ✔✔∆Gº
✔✔activated carriers - ✔✔small organic molecules that contain one or more energy-rich
covalent bonds. A small molecule that stores energy or chemical groups in a form that
can be donated to many different metabolic reactions
✔✔The Formation of an Activated Carrier Is Coupled to an Reaction - ✔✔Energetically
Favorable
✔✔ - ✔✔Energy released by the metabolism of food molecules is captured in the form
of high-energy phosphate bonds (~P) that are used to power all other cell reactions.
After the high-energy bonds are hydrolyzed, the phosphate released is recycled and
reused, as indicated.
✔✔what provides the driving force for most of the energy-requiring reactions -
✔✔hydrolysis of atp
✔✔How is ATP synthesized? - ✔✔Via a condensation reaction between ADP
(adenosine diohosphate) + P ( inorganic phosphate) using energy from an energy
releasing reaction eg the breakdown of glucose in respiration. UNFAVORABLE
phosphorylation
✔✔Phosphorylation is a --- rxn - ✔✔condensation
, ✔✔NADH - ✔✔The reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions
in cellular respiration
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons
from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons
for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.
Used for reactions that would be unfavorable
✔✔protein functions - ✔✔catalyzing chemical reactions (enzymes), transporting
molecules across membranes, transmitting signals, moving organelles, and forming
molecular machines. Specialized proteins also serve roles as antibodies, hormones,
toxins, elastic fibers, antifreeze agents, or light producers.
✔✔structural proteins - ✔✔provide physical stability and movement
✔✔transport protein - ✔✔carry small molecules/ions
✔✔motor protein - ✔✔generate movement in cells and tissues
✔✔storage protein - ✔✔store amino acids or ions
✔✔transcription regulators - ✔✔bind to DNA to switch genes on and off
✔✔how do proteins bond - ✔✔through peptide bonds. the carbon atom of the carboxyl
group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group
of a second amino acid. Because a molecule of water is eliminated, peptide bond
formation is classified as a condensation reaction
✔✔polypeptide backbone - ✔✔Repeating sequence of atoms (-N-C-C-) that forms the
core of a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached.
✔✔polypeptide terminus - ✔✔N for amino (amino terminus)
C for the carboxyl (carboxyl terminus)
✔✔side chains of amino acids - ✔✔give amin acids their identity
✔✔amino acid properties - ✔✔half are polar/hydrophilic. HALF of these have netural
charges
half are nonpolar/hydrophobic
✔✔noncovalent bonds that help proteins fold - ✔✔hydrogen bonds, electrostatic
attractions, and van der Waals attraction, hydrophobic force
