2026 AMLS REVIEW EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔CNS - ✔✔Brain + Spinal cord
✔✔CSF is made up of...... - ✔✔Water
Proteins
Salt
Glucose
✔✔Layers of protection for the brain - ✔✔PIA, attaches directly to brain surface. Highly
vascular, containing the blood vessels that supply the surfaces of the brain and spinal
cord.
ARACHNOID, middle layer of the meninges is a tangle of collagen and elastin fibers.
CSF circulates in the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter (the
subarachnoid space), protecting the brain against mechanical injury and providing an
immunologic shield.
DURA MATER is the outermost menix which lines the cranial vault, contains arteries
that suply the bones of the skull. Its the most impregnable layer of the meninges.
✔✔Circle of Willis - ✔✔Four major arteries supply blood to the brain and form the circle
of Willis. (2 internal carotid arteries and two posterior vertebral arteries)
✔✔How is cerebral blood flow regulated? - ✔✔Constriction and dilation of the cerebral
vessels in response to various changes such as serum level of carbon dioxide (CO2).
In response to hypocarbia, alkalosis, and hypertension, the cerebral vessels constrict.
Hypercarbia, causes vasodilation
✔✔Five regions of the brain - ✔✔Cerebrum (or cerebral cortex)
Cerebellum
Diencephalon (meaning double brain)
Limbic system
Brainstem
, ✔✔Cerebrum - ✔✔Outermost layer called gray matter
Highest-functioning part of brain, comprises more than two-thirds of its mass
Divided into left and right hemispheres, which structurally and functionally control
opposite sides of the body.
Hemispheres are interconnected by constantly communicating nerve fibers (in the
corpus callosum).
✔✔Cerebrum - left hemisphere - ✔✔AKA Logical brain, responsible for
Reading
Writing
Mathematical calculations
Sequential and analytic tasks
✔✔Cerebrum - right hemisphere - ✔✔AKA Creative brain
Interprets sensory information
Processes spatial awareness
✔✔Cerebrum -Lobes - ✔✔Each lobe is named for the cranial bone that lies above it
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
✔✔Frontal lobe controls - ✔✔Motor functions
Determines personality
Elaborates thought and speech
✔✔Parietal lobe does what? - ✔✔Interprets bodily sensations
✔✔Temporal lobe does what? - ✔✔Stores long-term memory
Interprets sound
✔✔Occipital lobe does what? - ✔✔Responsible for sight
✔✔Cerebellum - ✔✔Second largest part of the brain
Lies above the brainstem and posterior to the cerebrum
COORDINATES
Movements
Balance
Posture
✔✔Diencephalon - ✔✔Towards center of brain
INCLUDES
Thalmus
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔CNS - ✔✔Brain + Spinal cord
✔✔CSF is made up of...... - ✔✔Water
Proteins
Salt
Glucose
✔✔Layers of protection for the brain - ✔✔PIA, attaches directly to brain surface. Highly
vascular, containing the blood vessels that supply the surfaces of the brain and spinal
cord.
ARACHNOID, middle layer of the meninges is a tangle of collagen and elastin fibers.
CSF circulates in the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter (the
subarachnoid space), protecting the brain against mechanical injury and providing an
immunologic shield.
DURA MATER is the outermost menix which lines the cranial vault, contains arteries
that suply the bones of the skull. Its the most impregnable layer of the meninges.
✔✔Circle of Willis - ✔✔Four major arteries supply blood to the brain and form the circle
of Willis. (2 internal carotid arteries and two posterior vertebral arteries)
✔✔How is cerebral blood flow regulated? - ✔✔Constriction and dilation of the cerebral
vessels in response to various changes such as serum level of carbon dioxide (CO2).
In response to hypocarbia, alkalosis, and hypertension, the cerebral vessels constrict.
Hypercarbia, causes vasodilation
✔✔Five regions of the brain - ✔✔Cerebrum (or cerebral cortex)
Cerebellum
Diencephalon (meaning double brain)
Limbic system
Brainstem
, ✔✔Cerebrum - ✔✔Outermost layer called gray matter
Highest-functioning part of brain, comprises more than two-thirds of its mass
Divided into left and right hemispheres, which structurally and functionally control
opposite sides of the body.
Hemispheres are interconnected by constantly communicating nerve fibers (in the
corpus callosum).
✔✔Cerebrum - left hemisphere - ✔✔AKA Logical brain, responsible for
Reading
Writing
Mathematical calculations
Sequential and analytic tasks
✔✔Cerebrum - right hemisphere - ✔✔AKA Creative brain
Interprets sensory information
Processes spatial awareness
✔✔Cerebrum -Lobes - ✔✔Each lobe is named for the cranial bone that lies above it
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
✔✔Frontal lobe controls - ✔✔Motor functions
Determines personality
Elaborates thought and speech
✔✔Parietal lobe does what? - ✔✔Interprets bodily sensations
✔✔Temporal lobe does what? - ✔✔Stores long-term memory
Interprets sound
✔✔Occipital lobe does what? - ✔✔Responsible for sight
✔✔Cerebellum - ✔✔Second largest part of the brain
Lies above the brainstem and posterior to the cerebrum
COORDINATES
Movements
Balance
Posture
✔✔Diencephalon - ✔✔Towards center of brain
INCLUDES
Thalmus
