PUBH 6011 ACTUAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔slope factor - ✔✔Value, in inverse concentration or dose units, derived from the
slope of a dose-response curve; in practice, limited to carcinogenic effects with the
curve assumed to be linear at low concentrations or doses. The product of the slope
factor and the exposure is taken to reflect the probability of producing the related effect.
✔✔mechanistic studies - ✔✔■ In Vivo = ADME studies & effects of different dosing
levels, durations, or patterns
■ In Vitro = Mutagenic potential, molecular mechanism of actions
■ Strengths:
● Compound-specific information
● Understanding biology should improves
○ Cross-species extrapolation
○ High-dose to low-dose extrapolation
■ Weakness
● Difficult to rule out alternative theories
● Often lack of necessary data for humans
● Scientific disagreement/uncertainty
✔✔acute toxicity - ✔✔adverse effects that occur within a short period after exposure to
a toxicant
✔✔chronic toxicity - ✔✔adverse effects that occur some time after exposure to a
toxicant or after extended exposure to the toxicant
✔✔Define absorption - ✔✔movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the
intestine into the blood
✔✔Define distribution - ✔✔How the drug is transported by the blood to the site of
action. It requires adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion
, ✔✔Define metabolism - ✔✔The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting
of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources
of the organism.
✔✔Define excretion - ✔✔Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste product
of metabolism and substances in excess requirement
✔✔passive diffusion - ✔✔movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane
with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy
hydrophobicity molecules can readily cross
✔✔facilitated diffusion - ✔✔Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes
through protein channels
✔✔active transport - ✔✔Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
✔✔Primary routes of exposure - ✔✔○ Oral: Leads to first exposure with organ
absorption
○ Inhalation: air ways
○ Dermal: skin contact
✔✔Four steps of environmental risk assessment - ✔✔1. hazard identification
2. Dose-response evaluation
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk characterization
✔✔hazard identification - ✔✔examines the evidence that associates exposure to an
agent with its toxicity and produces a qualitative judgment about the strength of that
evidence
✔✔Dose-response evaluation - ✔✔*an attempt to quantitatively determine the
relationship between exposure to a toxicant and disease.
✔✔exposure assessment - ✔✔the procedure that identifies populations exposed to the
toxicant, describes their composition and size, and examines the roots, magnitudes,
frequencies, and durations of such exposures
✔✔risk characterization - ✔✔develops estimates of the number of excess unwarranted
health events expected at different time intervals at each level of exposure
✔✔SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) - ✔✔the 2030 agenda is a set of 17
interrelated goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy
peace and prosperity.
AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔slope factor - ✔✔Value, in inverse concentration or dose units, derived from the
slope of a dose-response curve; in practice, limited to carcinogenic effects with the
curve assumed to be linear at low concentrations or doses. The product of the slope
factor and the exposure is taken to reflect the probability of producing the related effect.
✔✔mechanistic studies - ✔✔■ In Vivo = ADME studies & effects of different dosing
levels, durations, or patterns
■ In Vitro = Mutagenic potential, molecular mechanism of actions
■ Strengths:
● Compound-specific information
● Understanding biology should improves
○ Cross-species extrapolation
○ High-dose to low-dose extrapolation
■ Weakness
● Difficult to rule out alternative theories
● Often lack of necessary data for humans
● Scientific disagreement/uncertainty
✔✔acute toxicity - ✔✔adverse effects that occur within a short period after exposure to
a toxicant
✔✔chronic toxicity - ✔✔adverse effects that occur some time after exposure to a
toxicant or after extended exposure to the toxicant
✔✔Define absorption - ✔✔movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the
intestine into the blood
✔✔Define distribution - ✔✔How the drug is transported by the blood to the site of
action. It requires adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion
, ✔✔Define metabolism - ✔✔The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting
of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources
of the organism.
✔✔Define excretion - ✔✔Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste product
of metabolism and substances in excess requirement
✔✔passive diffusion - ✔✔movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane
with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy
hydrophobicity molecules can readily cross
✔✔facilitated diffusion - ✔✔Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes
through protein channels
✔✔active transport - ✔✔Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
✔✔Primary routes of exposure - ✔✔○ Oral: Leads to first exposure with organ
absorption
○ Inhalation: air ways
○ Dermal: skin contact
✔✔Four steps of environmental risk assessment - ✔✔1. hazard identification
2. Dose-response evaluation
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk characterization
✔✔hazard identification - ✔✔examines the evidence that associates exposure to an
agent with its toxicity and produces a qualitative judgment about the strength of that
evidence
✔✔Dose-response evaluation - ✔✔*an attempt to quantitatively determine the
relationship between exposure to a toxicant and disease.
✔✔exposure assessment - ✔✔the procedure that identifies populations exposed to the
toxicant, describes their composition and size, and examines the roots, magnitudes,
frequencies, and durations of such exposures
✔✔risk characterization - ✔✔develops estimates of the number of excess unwarranted
health events expected at different time intervals at each level of exposure
✔✔SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) - ✔✔the 2030 agenda is a set of 17
interrelated goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy
peace and prosperity.
