PUBH 6011 CORRECT FINALS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
6
✔✔6.8 Know the three cancer types in the US that cause the highest mortality - ✔✔1.
Long/bronchus
2. Colon/rectum
3. Pancreatic
✔✔6.9 Explain the difference between innate versus adaptive immunity - ✔✔Innate
immunity: individual's genetically predetermined resistance to disease
adaptive immunity: ability of the body to react to specific microbial infections, antigen
specific
✔✔6.10 Explain the antibody/antigen reactions and the types of defense reactions they
trigger - ✔✔-Antibody = good
-Antigen = bad
-Each antibody has a specific binding domain that will react with some specific antigen
-can be multiple antigens on one pathogen, each one will have a different antibody
-=immune response
✔✔6.11 Explain how vaccines use the body's natural immune system to protect from
diseases - ✔✔-A dose of destroyed or disabled pathogen is used to stimulate a long-
term immune defense against a particular pathogen
-Ex. weakened form of a virus is injected so the immune system can build immunity to
the virus
✔✔6.12 Explain the importance of "herd immunity" in protecting a population from the
spread of disease. - ✔✔-herd immunity puts in the middle of the population people who
will not be able to transmit disease, which then protects susceptible people
-by creating immunity through vaccines, you can prevent transmission
-COVID vaccine -> not high enough vaccination -> no herd immunity :(
, ✔✔7.1 Explain the biological mechanism of digestion and the first pass effect -
✔✔Digestion
-food is broken down mechanically and chemically through enzymes (starts in mouth)
-the esophagus muscles contract and relax (peristalsis) to move food down the throat
and to the stomach
-in the stomach, the food is churned and more enzymes break it down
-int he small intestine, food continues to break down and nutrients are absorbed into the
bloodstream
-the villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase surface area to absorb more
nutrients
-once nutrients are absorbed in the bloodstreams, they are transported by the
circulatory system
-nutrients move into cells and waste moves into the bloodstream
-large intestine absorbs water from undigested food
-waste from cells are removed by the excretory system (urine)
-undigested material is eliminated from the body as solid material (feces) by the
digestive system
-bacteria live in our large intestine and protect us from harmful bacteria, help digest
plant matter, and synthesize vitamins
First pass effect:
-leads to high concentrations of materials absorbed through the GI tract in passing
through the liver
-all blood flow from the digestive system first passes through the liver
-liver has extensive metabolic capacity- may alter form and activity of ingested
molecules
✔✔7.2 Explain the role of liver in breaking down food, microbes and chemical toxicants
- ✔✔-liver is the largest gland in the body that breaks down nutrients and builds up body
tissue
-storage site for minerals and vitamins
-red blood cells and Kupffer cells are produced in the liver
-glycogen is also produced in the liver
-liver converts fat soluble toxins to water soluble substances that can be excreted
-2 phase disposal of toxins:
Phase 1: neutralizes toxins or changes the toxic chemical to form activated compounds
that will be neutralized in phase 2. This makes toxins less harmful.
Phase 2: conjugation pathway causes the liver cells to add another substance to the
toxic chemical to make it less harmful. This makes the toxin water soluble so it can be
excreted as bile or urine.
✔✔7.3 Explain how different people may handle toxicants differently based on
enzymatic makeup - ✔✔Differences in pharmacokinetics (way things move) and
pharmodynamics (way body responds to dose ) due to
-species
ANSWERS SET A+
6
✔✔6.8 Know the three cancer types in the US that cause the highest mortality - ✔✔1.
Long/bronchus
2. Colon/rectum
3. Pancreatic
✔✔6.9 Explain the difference between innate versus adaptive immunity - ✔✔Innate
immunity: individual's genetically predetermined resistance to disease
adaptive immunity: ability of the body to react to specific microbial infections, antigen
specific
✔✔6.10 Explain the antibody/antigen reactions and the types of defense reactions they
trigger - ✔✔-Antibody = good
-Antigen = bad
-Each antibody has a specific binding domain that will react with some specific antigen
-can be multiple antigens on one pathogen, each one will have a different antibody
-=immune response
✔✔6.11 Explain how vaccines use the body's natural immune system to protect from
diseases - ✔✔-A dose of destroyed or disabled pathogen is used to stimulate a long-
term immune defense against a particular pathogen
-Ex. weakened form of a virus is injected so the immune system can build immunity to
the virus
✔✔6.12 Explain the importance of "herd immunity" in protecting a population from the
spread of disease. - ✔✔-herd immunity puts in the middle of the population people who
will not be able to transmit disease, which then protects susceptible people
-by creating immunity through vaccines, you can prevent transmission
-COVID vaccine -> not high enough vaccination -> no herd immunity :(
, ✔✔7.1 Explain the biological mechanism of digestion and the first pass effect -
✔✔Digestion
-food is broken down mechanically and chemically through enzymes (starts in mouth)
-the esophagus muscles contract and relax (peristalsis) to move food down the throat
and to the stomach
-in the stomach, the food is churned and more enzymes break it down
-int he small intestine, food continues to break down and nutrients are absorbed into the
bloodstream
-the villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase surface area to absorb more
nutrients
-once nutrients are absorbed in the bloodstreams, they are transported by the
circulatory system
-nutrients move into cells and waste moves into the bloodstream
-large intestine absorbs water from undigested food
-waste from cells are removed by the excretory system (urine)
-undigested material is eliminated from the body as solid material (feces) by the
digestive system
-bacteria live in our large intestine and protect us from harmful bacteria, help digest
plant matter, and synthesize vitamins
First pass effect:
-leads to high concentrations of materials absorbed through the GI tract in passing
through the liver
-all blood flow from the digestive system first passes through the liver
-liver has extensive metabolic capacity- may alter form and activity of ingested
molecules
✔✔7.2 Explain the role of liver in breaking down food, microbes and chemical toxicants
- ✔✔-liver is the largest gland in the body that breaks down nutrients and builds up body
tissue
-storage site for minerals and vitamins
-red blood cells and Kupffer cells are produced in the liver
-glycogen is also produced in the liver
-liver converts fat soluble toxins to water soluble substances that can be excreted
-2 phase disposal of toxins:
Phase 1: neutralizes toxins or changes the toxic chemical to form activated compounds
that will be neutralized in phase 2. This makes toxins less harmful.
Phase 2: conjugation pathway causes the liver cells to add another substance to the
toxic chemical to make it less harmful. This makes the toxin water soluble so it can be
excreted as bile or urine.
✔✔7.3 Explain how different people may handle toxicants differently based on
enzymatic makeup - ✔✔Differences in pharmacokinetics (way things move) and
pharmodynamics (way body responds to dose ) due to
-species
