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NSG 555 EXAM 2 (WILKES) NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM| NURSE PRACTITIONERS IN PRIMARY CARE I
EXAM 2 REVIEW WITH COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A+ (MOST RECENT!!)
What is the definition of diabetes? ......ANSWER......A group of
metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
......ANSWER......Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the
islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to insulinopenia and
lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin.
How does the onset of Type 1 DM differ in children and adults?
......ANSWER......It is more rapid in infants and children and more
gradual in adults.
What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
......ANSWER......Insidious onset with progressive insulin resistance,
often associated with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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List some symptoms of Type 2 DM. ......ANSWER......Abdominal obesity,
insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, low HDL levels,
hypertension, and a proinflammatory state.
What is the Ominous Octet in Type 2 DM? ......ANSWER......Eight
mechanisms contributing to Type 2 diabetes, including increased
glucagon secretion, glucose reabsorption by the kidney, lipolysis,
decreased incretin effect, and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
What are the Triumvirate Three in Type 2 DM?
......ANSWER......Decreased glucose uptake (insulin resistance),
increased hepatic glucose production, and impaired insulin secretion.
What are acute symptoms of Type 1 DM? ......ANSWER......Polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue.
What are signs of ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM?
......ANSWER......Glycosuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid
shallow breathing, hypotension, and dehydration.
What initial symptoms may Type 2 DM patients experience?
......ANSWER......Often none initially, but may later experience polyuria,
polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, slowly healing wounds, and frequent
infections.
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What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes based on HbA1C?
......ANSWER......HbA1C ≥ 6.5%.
What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? ......ANSWER......A
fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL.
What does a C-peptide level indicate in diabetes diagnosis?
......ANSWER......Low C-peptide suggests Type 1 DM, while high levels
suggest Type 2 DM.
What are some markers of Type 1 diabetes? ......ANSWER......Islet cell
autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and GAD65 autoantibodies.
What is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United
States? ......ANSWER......Stroke.
What factors contribute to the decline of stroke mortality?
......ANSWER......Control of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high
cholesterol.
What percentage of strokes are ischemic strokes? ......ANSWER......The
vast majority of strokes are ischemic.
NSG 555 EXAM 2 (WILKES) NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM| NURSE PRACTITIONERS IN PRIMARY CARE I
EXAM 2 REVIEW WITH COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A+ (MOST RECENT!!)
What is the definition of diabetes? ......ANSWER......A group of
metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
......ANSWER......Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the
islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to insulinopenia and
lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin.
How does the onset of Type 1 DM differ in children and adults?
......ANSWER......It is more rapid in infants and children and more
gradual in adults.
What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
......ANSWER......Insidious onset with progressive insulin resistance,
often associated with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
,2|Page
List some symptoms of Type 2 DM. ......ANSWER......Abdominal obesity,
insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, low HDL levels,
hypertension, and a proinflammatory state.
What is the Ominous Octet in Type 2 DM? ......ANSWER......Eight
mechanisms contributing to Type 2 diabetes, including increased
glucagon secretion, glucose reabsorption by the kidney, lipolysis,
decreased incretin effect, and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
What are the Triumvirate Three in Type 2 DM?
......ANSWER......Decreased glucose uptake (insulin resistance),
increased hepatic glucose production, and impaired insulin secretion.
What are acute symptoms of Type 1 DM? ......ANSWER......Polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue.
What are signs of ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM?
......ANSWER......Glycosuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid
shallow breathing, hypotension, and dehydration.
What initial symptoms may Type 2 DM patients experience?
......ANSWER......Often none initially, but may later experience polyuria,
polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, slowly healing wounds, and frequent
infections.
, 3|Page
What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes based on HbA1C?
......ANSWER......HbA1C ≥ 6.5%.
What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? ......ANSWER......A
fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL.
What does a C-peptide level indicate in diabetes diagnosis?
......ANSWER......Low C-peptide suggests Type 1 DM, while high levels
suggest Type 2 DM.
What are some markers of Type 1 diabetes? ......ANSWER......Islet cell
autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and GAD65 autoantibodies.
What is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United
States? ......ANSWER......Stroke.
What factors contribute to the decline of stroke mortality?
......ANSWER......Control of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high
cholesterol.
What percentage of strokes are ischemic strokes? ......ANSWER......The
vast majority of strokes are ischemic.
