NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST
UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027
75 100%
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Cellular Adaptation & Injury Cardiovascular & Respiratory Pathophysiology
Inflammation & Immune Response Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances Acid-Base & Hemodynamic Disorders
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY | Q1-Q15 | NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 202
Q1 Question 1 of 75
A 65-year-old male with long-standing hypertension has an echocardiogram showing a thickened left
ventricular wall with no increase in cell number. Which cellular adaptation best describes this finding?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Increased cell size in response to pressure overload, such as in chronic hypertension, is hypertrophy.
Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number and is most common in dividing cell populations, while
metaplasia and dysplasia represent cell type changes rather than size changes.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
A 52-year-old chronic smoker undergoes bronchoscopy with biopsy of the bronchial epithelium.
Histology shows replacement of normal ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified
squamous epithelium. Which adaptive mechanism is described?
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Substitution of one adult cell type for another in response to chronic irritation is metaplasia. Squamous
metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium is a reversible protective adaptation that removes ciliated function but
resists smoke irritation.
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 38
,SECTION 1 | CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY | Q1-Q15 | NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 202
Q3 Question 3 of 75
A 48-year-old woman has a cervical biopsy demonstrating disordered cellular maturation, increased
nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphism confined to the lower third of the epithelium. Which
term best characterizes this lesion?
A. Carcinoma in situ (CIN III)
B. Mild dysplasia (CIN I)
C. Severe dysplasia with invasion
D. Squamous metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Atypia confined to the lower third of the epithelium is mild dysplasia, CIN I. Carcinoma in situ involves the full
epithelial thickness without invasion, while invasion indicates the basement membrane has been breached.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
A 70-year-old male suffers massive myocardial infarction and dies within 24 hours. On autopsy, the
affected myocardium shows ruptured cell membranes, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, and an
inflammatory infiltrate. Which cell death mechanism is most consistent with these findings?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy
D. Pyroptosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Loss of membrane integrity, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, and inflammation are hallmarks of necrosis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death with intact membranes, cell shrinkage, and no surrounding
inflammation.
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 38
, SECTION 1 | CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY | Q1-Q15 | NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 202
Q5 Question 5 of 75
A 58-year-old with severe anemia develops tissue hypoxia. Within minutes, intracellular ATP depletion
causes failure of which membrane pump, leading to cellular swelling?
A. Sodium-potassium ATPase
B. Hydrogen-potassium ATPase
C. Calcium ATPase
D. Sodium-hydrogen exchanger
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Hypoxia reduces oxidative phosphorylation, depleting ATP and inactivating the Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
Sodium accumulates intracellularly, drawing water into the cell and producing hydropic swelling, an early
reversible injury.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
A 42-year-old welder is exposed to high levels of oxygen free radicals. The cellular damage primarily
occurs through which mechanism involving polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes?
A. Protein denaturation
B. Lipid peroxidation
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Glycogenolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Free radicals abstract hydrogen from polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids, initiating lipid
peroxidation that damages membrane integrity. This is distinct from protein denaturation and DNA damage,
which are also free-radical effects but involve different targets.
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 38
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST
UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027
75 100%
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Cellular Adaptation & Injury Cardiovascular & Respiratory Pathophysiology
Inflammation & Immune Response Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances Acid-Base & Hemodynamic Disorders
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY | Q1-Q15 | NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 202
Q1 Question 1 of 75
A 65-year-old male with long-standing hypertension has an echocardiogram showing a thickened left
ventricular wall with no increase in cell number. Which cellular adaptation best describes this finding?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Increased cell size in response to pressure overload, such as in chronic hypertension, is hypertrophy.
Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number and is most common in dividing cell populations, while
metaplasia and dysplasia represent cell type changes rather than size changes.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
A 52-year-old chronic smoker undergoes bronchoscopy with biopsy of the bronchial epithelium.
Histology shows replacement of normal ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified
squamous epithelium. Which adaptive mechanism is described?
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Substitution of one adult cell type for another in response to chronic irritation is metaplasia. Squamous
metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium is a reversible protective adaptation that removes ciliated function but
resists smoke irritation.
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 38
,SECTION 1 | CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY | Q1-Q15 | NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 202
Q3 Question 3 of 75
A 48-year-old woman has a cervical biopsy demonstrating disordered cellular maturation, increased
nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphism confined to the lower third of the epithelium. Which
term best characterizes this lesion?
A. Carcinoma in situ (CIN III)
B. Mild dysplasia (CIN I)
C. Severe dysplasia with invasion
D. Squamous metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Atypia confined to the lower third of the epithelium is mild dysplasia, CIN I. Carcinoma in situ involves the full
epithelial thickness without invasion, while invasion indicates the basement membrane has been breached.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
A 70-year-old male suffers massive myocardial infarction and dies within 24 hours. On autopsy, the
affected myocardium shows ruptured cell membranes, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, and an
inflammatory infiltrate. Which cell death mechanism is most consistent with these findings?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy
D. Pyroptosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Loss of membrane integrity, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, and inflammation are hallmarks of necrosis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death with intact membranes, cell shrinkage, and no surrounding
inflammation.
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 38
, SECTION 1 | CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY | Q1-Q15 | NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 202
Q5 Question 5 of 75
A 58-year-old with severe anemia develops tissue hypoxia. Within minutes, intracellular ATP depletion
causes failure of which membrane pump, leading to cellular swelling?
A. Sodium-potassium ATPase
B. Hydrogen-potassium ATPase
C. Calcium ATPase
D. Sodium-hydrogen exchanger
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Hypoxia reduces oxidative phosphorylation, depleting ATP and inactivating the Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
Sodium accumulates intracellularly, drawing water into the cell and producing hydropic swelling, an early
reversible injury.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
A 42-year-old welder is exposed to high levels of oxygen free radicals. The cellular damage primarily
occurs through which mechanism involving polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes?
A. Protein denaturation
B. Lipid peroxidation
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Glycogenolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Free radicals abstract hydrogen from polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids, initiating lipid
peroxidation that damages membrane integrity. This is distinct from protein denaturation and DNA damage,
which are also free-radical effects but involve different targets.
NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | A+ 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 38
