Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 (MATC) Lecture Exam 1Questions And Answers Pass Guaranteed.

covalent bond - correct answers multiple atoms combined to fill the valence shells molecule - correct answers two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds ionic bond - correct answers when atoms in a molecule have charges (different number of protons and electrons). attraction of a pos./neg. ion. hydrogen bond - correct answers weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom. ex: H20 - so many protons in O, H's electrons spend more time with O so O takes on a negative charge and H takes on a positive charge - more so between molecules than atoms ions - correct answers charged particle (atom or molecule). polar molecule - correct answers a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive chemical reactions - correct answers the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. generally reversible. dehydration reaction - correct answers formation of large molecules (polymer) by the removal of water monomer - correct answers small chemical unit that makes up a polymer polymer - correct answers large compound formed from combinations of many monomers hydrolysis - correct answers A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water. (breaking of a covalent bond through an enzyme) macromolecules: carbohydrates - correct answers monomers of carbs are simple sugars. monosaccharide - one sugar Glucose: C6H12O6 1:2:1 ration starch: where does it store? what does it store? - correct answers store glucose in plants glycogen: where does it store? what does it store? - correct answers store glucose in animals polymer of glucose stored in liver and muscles, in blood for a ready supply macromolecules: PROTEINS - what are their monomers? what are they when hydrogen comes off in water? - correct answers amino acids are monomers (small molecules) they are acids. acids: - correct answers substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, leaves electron behind. components of protein - correct answers carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen The sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) are generally considered to be - correct answers nonpolar and hydrophobic All amino acids contain an amino(-NH2) group(bonded to the Alpha-Carbon), which contains Nitrogen. - correct answers However, there are some Amino Acids, including Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, which contain more Nitrogen than the others amino acids, which are small organic molecules that consist of an - correct answers alpha (central) carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain. The largest group of amino acids have nonpolar side chains. carboxyl group - correct answers A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. (-COOH) amino group - correct answers A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2) Hydroxyl - correct answers OH- R means variable group amino acids are ___ (charge) and have a ________ because of one ____ side and one ____ side - correct answers polar. one negative side and one positive side why is it important to check the polarity of side chains - correct answers polar side groups of amino acids form hydrogen bonds carbons NEED ____ bonds (number) - correct answers 4 amino group have 2 components - correct answers amine group (+) gain electron (-) always nonpolar amine group - correct answers the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid (NH2) always nonpolar because of amine group (+) gain electron (-) side chains - correct answers the atoms extending beyond the universal H3N+-CH-COO- core of all amino acids and determine their chemical properties determining side chain polarity - correct answers if side chain has a (+) or (-) - polar sometimes side chains don't have charges - nonpolar OR a lot of carbons - nonpolar many oxygen - polar side chains are on the___ which are ______ which assemble to make proteins - correct answers amino acids, monomers polypeptides are - correct answers polymers of amino acids polar side chains (+), (-) or many O's can make ____ bonds - correct answers hydrogen amino acids strung together through dehydration rxn - correct answers polypeptide bonds w/ a dipeptide with amino group on one side and acid on the other side primary structure - correct answers sequence of amino acids secondary structure - correct answers Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet. tertiary structure - correct answers The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. quaternary structure - correct answers The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. polypeptides are - correct answers polymers of amino acids proteins are polypeptides with - correct answers more complex 3D structures polypeptides are polymers of amino acids. polypeptides are the chain, proteins are the folded 3D shape how to change a protein - correct answers apply heat remove water change pH (how many H ions are present) protein function (1) ENZYMES - correct answers catalyze chemical reactions protein function (2) CELL MEM. CHANNELS - correct answers allow materials in or out protein function (3) CELL RECEPTORS - correct answers in membrane or within cell, bind to hormones or other signalers and initiate or stop chemical reactions within the cell protein function (4) SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE - correct answers organelle membranes, support DNA structure other functions of protein - correct answers support, connective tissue muscle function hair and fingernails energy source macromolecule: LIPIDS - correct answers carbon atoms bonded covalently with hydrogen atoms C-C C-H share equally, no ionization, non polar, hydrophobic components of lipids - correct answers C, H, O fatty acids, glycerol fatty acids and glycerol - correct answers Building Blocks of Lipids 3 fatty acids and glycerol - correct answers fat molecule and 3 H20's after dehydration rxn fatty acids - correct answers chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms glycerol - correct answers A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. Phospholipids - correct answers a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. phosphate group - very polar (philic) with loads of oxygens - hydrophilic polar is - correct answers hydrophilic nonpolar is - correct answers hydrophobic lipid characteristics - correct answers hydrocarbons - make a chain or ring shape nonpolar , C-H bonds easily converted but not much variety C-C-C-C-C-C-C backbone lipids are often found bound to - correct answers polar molecules such as proteins, glycerol and amino groups. CANNOT exist without attaching to a polar molecule lipid functions (5) - correct answers cell membrane steroid hormone energy storage (adipose tissue) cushioning (knee joints) yellow bone marrow macromolecules: NUCLEIC ACIDS - correct answers polymers of monomers. monomers are nucleotides Nucleotides - correct answers Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases nitrogenous base - correct answers An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA. DNA nitrogenous bases - correct answers Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine (AT GC's) RNA nitrogenous bases - correct answers Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine (GUAC) DNA: Good at _____ bonds. ______ because of O and N - correct answers Hydrogen Bonds. Polar. Double Stranded, helix. RNA is a - correct answers single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages how to count 5 carbons - correct answers 5' at top, go counterclockwise, 4,3,2,1 Function of DNA: DNA replication - correct answers store genetic information. unzip, expose nitrogenous bases, formation of 2 strands . DNA polymerase - correct answers Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule DNA replication occurs - correct answers ONLY in preparation for cell division. Nucleic Acid function - correct answers storage and transfer of genetic information ATP - short term energy within a cell adenosine triphosphate Aqueous environments constitute - correct answers 45-60% of bodies in plants and animals Properties of water (5 including acid/base def) - correct answers - polar solvent - hydrogen bonding -adhesion, cohesion, tension -thermal stability -acid/base, pH - proton donor (acid) - proton acceptor (base) water resists heating and ____ (2) - correct answers hold heat well, insulates well solution - correct answers A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent solute - correct answers Substance being dissolved solvent - correct answers substance that does the dissolving salt - correct answers An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base. ( research more ) colloid - correct answers A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. ex: flour in water emulsion - correct answers any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other ex: oil/water suspension - correct answers A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration. cloudier than a colloid most fundamental acid base rxn is the - correct answers dissociation of water H20 -- H+ + OH- [ ] means - correct answers concentration highest pH - correct answers 14 lowest pH - correct answers 1 pH of pure water - correct answers 7 (neutral) strong acid - correct answers ionize freely, easily give up H+ weak acid - correct answers ionizes slightly, keeps H+ bond strong base - correct answers strongly binds H+ weak base - correct answers weakly binds H+ buffer - correct answers A chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions - weakening acids and bases pertaining to nucleic acids: gene - correct answers sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide pertaining to nucleic acids: locus - correct answers location of a chromosome where a gene is found pertaining to nucleic acids: pyrimidine base - correct answers single ringed, thymine, cytosine, uracil pertaining to nucleic acids: purine base - correct answers double ringed, adenine and guanine Transcription - correct answers specific part of a DNA molecule unzipped and RNA nucleotides are added by RNA polymerase. RNA transcript is then processed - complementary bases, not a copt DNA -- RNA what does the arrow represent - correct answers the flow of information. Guided by the DNA "blueprint", transcribed by RNA. no chemical changes. the process is transcription. DNA to primary RNA to mRNA - correct answers see notes page 21 DNA contains information for ____ to make ______ -- Proteins - correct answers for amino acids to make polypeptides --- proteins the genetic code - correct answers collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis universal to all living things codon - correct answers A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid 1 amino acid can have ____ than 1 codon - correct answers more stop codon - correct answers UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA. start codon - correct answers codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein (AUG) airplane model example: - correct answers Amino acids are the physical pieces to build the airplane. mRNA directs protein synthesis, the sequence of codons in mRNA is the instructions which determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide (the actual airplane) Translation - correct answers decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain and a protein is produced. ** Be able to describe entire process in depth DNA - mRNA - polypeptide (protein) - correct answers tRNA lines up - correct answers anticodon -- codon Cental Dogma - correct answers DNA - RNA - Protein reverse transcription - correct answers working back from mRNA to DNA. occurs naturally in HIV. uses RNA and reverse transcription to form DNA that allows hosts/viruses. (expand upon) see 6 step slide in power point Does DNA leave the nucleus? - correct answers no, RNA does, because it can fit through the nucleus pores and travel to the ribosomes mRNA corresponds to a - correct answers gene. sequence of nucleotides to create a polypeptide (protein) mutation definition and 3 types - correct answers a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA. silent - no effect deleterious - no change will result in functioning genetic variation - works fine but is different changes in nucleotides can result in changes in Amino Acid sequences. Cell Theory - correct answers idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells Plasma (cell) membrane - correct answers A selectively permeable surface that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving a cell must pass phospholipids: nonpolar lipid tails phosphate group: polar heads Ways in and out of the plasma membrane - correct answers proteins. chain of AA w/ 3D structure channels what can go through semipermeable membranes - correct answers nonpolar, uncharged molecules SMALL water (if channel fits and if the channel exists) phospholipid bilayer - correct answers A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.