GNRS515 - ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM #2
WITH QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
(2026)
A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of
the following types of immunity was compromised?
A. Innate immunity
B. Inflammatory response
C. Adaptive immunity
D. Specific immunity - answer-A. Innate immunity
A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful.
What else will the nurse observe upon assessment?
A. Vasoconstriction at injured site
B. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site
C. Pale skin at injured site
D. Edema at injured site - answer-D. Edema at injured site
The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:
A. Regulating inflammation
B. Secreting bacteriostatic substances
C. Activating white blood cells
D. Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens - answer-D. Preventing
the colonization and multiplication of pathogens
A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the
inflammatory response through the process of:
,A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Degranulation
D. Opsonization - answer-D. Degranulation
The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Margination
D. Diapedesis - answer-A. Chemotaxis
A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles.
Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent
infection in his hand?
A. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Leukotrienes
D. Monocytes - answer-B. Neutrophils
A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse
recalls aspirin relieves the headache by:
A. Decreasing leukotriene production
B. Increasing histamine release
C. Decreasing prostaglandin production
D. Increasing platelet-activating factor - answer-C. Decreasing prostaglandin
production
A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with
extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:
,A. Histamine and serotonin
B. Kinins and prostaglandins
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Immune complex formation - answer-B. Kinins and prostaglandins
A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria
revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement
pathways would be activated in this case?
A. Classical pathway
B. Lectin pathway
C. Alternative pathway
D. Kinin pathway - answer-C. Alternative pathway
A nurse is preparing to teach on the subject of opsonins. Which information should the
nurse include? Opsonins are molecules that:
A. Are composed of fatty acids
B. Regulate inflammation
C. Degranulate mast cells
D. Enhance phagocytosis - answer-D. Enhance phagocytosis
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse
check for a response to the parasite?
A. Monocytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages - answer-B. Eosinophils
During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively
known as:
, A. Opsonins
B. Acute phase reactants
C. Antibodies
D. Phagolysosome - answer-B. Acute phase reactants
A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system.
Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen?
A. Antibodies
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Self-antigens
D. Helper T cells - answer-A. Antibodies
A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for
immunity against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be
the best to determine immunity?
A. Culture and sensitivity
B. Agglutination
C. Precipitation
D. Titer - answer-D. Titer
When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, what type of immunity does the fetus
receive?
A. Active
B. Passive
C. Innate
D. Cell-mediated - answer-B. Passive
Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic
infection?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM #2
WITH QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
(2026)
A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of
the following types of immunity was compromised?
A. Innate immunity
B. Inflammatory response
C. Adaptive immunity
D. Specific immunity - answer-A. Innate immunity
A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful.
What else will the nurse observe upon assessment?
A. Vasoconstriction at injured site
B. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site
C. Pale skin at injured site
D. Edema at injured site - answer-D. Edema at injured site
The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:
A. Regulating inflammation
B. Secreting bacteriostatic substances
C. Activating white blood cells
D. Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens - answer-D. Preventing
the colonization and multiplication of pathogens
A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the
inflammatory response through the process of:
,A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Degranulation
D. Opsonization - answer-D. Degranulation
The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Margination
D. Diapedesis - answer-A. Chemotaxis
A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles.
Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent
infection in his hand?
A. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Leukotrienes
D. Monocytes - answer-B. Neutrophils
A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse
recalls aspirin relieves the headache by:
A. Decreasing leukotriene production
B. Increasing histamine release
C. Decreasing prostaglandin production
D. Increasing platelet-activating factor - answer-C. Decreasing prostaglandin
production
A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with
extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:
,A. Histamine and serotonin
B. Kinins and prostaglandins
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Immune complex formation - answer-B. Kinins and prostaglandins
A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria
revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement
pathways would be activated in this case?
A. Classical pathway
B. Lectin pathway
C. Alternative pathway
D. Kinin pathway - answer-C. Alternative pathway
A nurse is preparing to teach on the subject of opsonins. Which information should the
nurse include? Opsonins are molecules that:
A. Are composed of fatty acids
B. Regulate inflammation
C. Degranulate mast cells
D. Enhance phagocytosis - answer-D. Enhance phagocytosis
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse
check for a response to the parasite?
A. Monocytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages - answer-B. Eosinophils
During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively
known as:
, A. Opsonins
B. Acute phase reactants
C. Antibodies
D. Phagolysosome - answer-B. Acute phase reactants
A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system.
Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen?
A. Antibodies
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Self-antigens
D. Helper T cells - answer-A. Antibodies
A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for
immunity against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be
the best to determine immunity?
A. Culture and sensitivity
B. Agglutination
C. Precipitation
D. Titer - answer-D. Titer
When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, what type of immunity does the fetus
receive?
A. Active
B. Passive
C. Innate
D. Cell-mediated - answer-B. Passive
Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic
infection?
