Data - ANSWER numeric, textual, visual, or audio information that describes real-world
systems.
analog - ANSWER Historically, data was mostly ______________, encoded as continuous
variations on various physical media.
digital - ANSWER Today, data is mostly ______________, encoded as zeros and ones on
electronic and magnetic media.
database - ANSWER a collection of data in a structured format. In principle, can be
stored on paper or even clay tablets. In practice, however, modern ones are invariably stored
on computers.
database system / database management system / DBMS - ANSWER software that reads
and writes data in a database. ensure data is secure, internally consistent, and available at all
times. These functions are challenging for large databases with many users, so data base sys-
tems are complex.
database application - ANSWER software that helps business users interact with data-
base systems.
database administrator - ANSWER - responsible for securing the database system against
unauthorized users.
- enforces procedures for user access and database system availability.
database designer - ANSWER determines the format of each data element and the over-
all database structure. Must balance several priorities, including storage, response time, and
1
,support for rules that govern the data. Since these priorities often conflict, database design
is technically challenging.
database programmer - ANSWER develops computer programs that utilize a database.
database user - ANSWER - a consumer of data in a database.
request, update, or use stored data to generate reports or information.
- usually access the database via applications but can also submit queries directly to the da-
tabase system.
transaction - ANSWER a group of queries that must be either completed or rejected as a
whole. Execution of some, but not all, queries results in inconsistent or incorrect data.
query processor - ANSWER - interprets queries, creates a plan to modify the database or
retrieve data, and returns query results to the application.
- manages connections from multiple users and compiles queries into low-level instructions
for the storage engine.
query optimization - ANSWER The query processor performs ______________ to ensure
the most efficient instructions are executed on the data.
indexes - ANSWER used by the storage manager to quickly locate data.
transaction manager - ANSWER ensures transactions are properly executed.
log - ANSWER a file containing a complete record of all inserts, updates, and deletes pro-
cessed by the database.
relational database - ANSWER stores data in tables, columns, and rows, similar to a
spreadsheet.
2
,SQL - ANSWER includes statements that read and write data, create and delete tables,
and administer the database system.
big data - ANSWER The growth of the internet in the 1990s generated massive volumes
of online data, often with poorly structured or missing information.
NoSQL - ANSWER The newer non-relational systems, for 'not only SQL', and are opti-
mized for big data.
Open source - ANSWER software that anyone can inspect, copy, and modify with no li-
censing fee.
query - ANSWER a command for a database that typically inserts new data, retrieves
data, updates data, or deletes data from a database.
query language - ANSWER a computer programming language for writing database que-
ries.
CRUD - ANSWER The four common queries are an acronym for Create, Read, Update,
and Delete data.
SELECT - ANSWER retrieves data from a table.
UPDATE - ANSWER modifies data in a table.
CREATE TABLE - ANSWER creates a new table by specifying the table and column names.
3
, data type - ANSWER Each column is assigned a ______________ that indicates the for-
mat of column values and can be numeric, textual, or complex.
database design - ANSWER a specification of database objects such as tables, columns,
data types, and indexes. Also refers to the process used to develop the specification.
analysis - ANSWER specifies database requirements without regard to a specific data-
base system.
ER diagrams - ANSWER depicts entities, relationships, and attributes.
logical design - ANSWER implements database requirements in a specific database sys-
tem. specifies tables, columns, and keys.
key - ANSWER a column used to identify individual rows of a table.
table diagram - ANSWER depicts the logical design.
schema - ANSWER The logical design, as specified in SQL and depicted in a table dia-
gram.
data independence - ANSWER The principle that physical design never affects query re-
sults.
application programming interface / API - ANSWER a library of procedures or classes
that links a host programming language to a database.
MySQL - ANSWER a leading relational database system sponsored by Oracle.
4
systems.
analog - ANSWER Historically, data was mostly ______________, encoded as continuous
variations on various physical media.
digital - ANSWER Today, data is mostly ______________, encoded as zeros and ones on
electronic and magnetic media.
database - ANSWER a collection of data in a structured format. In principle, can be
stored on paper or even clay tablets. In practice, however, modern ones are invariably stored
on computers.
database system / database management system / DBMS - ANSWER software that reads
and writes data in a database. ensure data is secure, internally consistent, and available at all
times. These functions are challenging for large databases with many users, so data base sys-
tems are complex.
database application - ANSWER software that helps business users interact with data-
base systems.
database administrator - ANSWER - responsible for securing the database system against
unauthorized users.
- enforces procedures for user access and database system availability.
database designer - ANSWER determines the format of each data element and the over-
all database structure. Must balance several priorities, including storage, response time, and
1
,support for rules that govern the data. Since these priorities often conflict, database design
is technically challenging.
database programmer - ANSWER develops computer programs that utilize a database.
database user - ANSWER - a consumer of data in a database.
request, update, or use stored data to generate reports or information.
- usually access the database via applications but can also submit queries directly to the da-
tabase system.
transaction - ANSWER a group of queries that must be either completed or rejected as a
whole. Execution of some, but not all, queries results in inconsistent or incorrect data.
query processor - ANSWER - interprets queries, creates a plan to modify the database or
retrieve data, and returns query results to the application.
- manages connections from multiple users and compiles queries into low-level instructions
for the storage engine.
query optimization - ANSWER The query processor performs ______________ to ensure
the most efficient instructions are executed on the data.
indexes - ANSWER used by the storage manager to quickly locate data.
transaction manager - ANSWER ensures transactions are properly executed.
log - ANSWER a file containing a complete record of all inserts, updates, and deletes pro-
cessed by the database.
relational database - ANSWER stores data in tables, columns, and rows, similar to a
spreadsheet.
2
,SQL - ANSWER includes statements that read and write data, create and delete tables,
and administer the database system.
big data - ANSWER The growth of the internet in the 1990s generated massive volumes
of online data, often with poorly structured or missing information.
NoSQL - ANSWER The newer non-relational systems, for 'not only SQL', and are opti-
mized for big data.
Open source - ANSWER software that anyone can inspect, copy, and modify with no li-
censing fee.
query - ANSWER a command for a database that typically inserts new data, retrieves
data, updates data, or deletes data from a database.
query language - ANSWER a computer programming language for writing database que-
ries.
CRUD - ANSWER The four common queries are an acronym for Create, Read, Update,
and Delete data.
SELECT - ANSWER retrieves data from a table.
UPDATE - ANSWER modifies data in a table.
CREATE TABLE - ANSWER creates a new table by specifying the table and column names.
3
, data type - ANSWER Each column is assigned a ______________ that indicates the for-
mat of column values and can be numeric, textual, or complex.
database design - ANSWER a specification of database objects such as tables, columns,
data types, and indexes. Also refers to the process used to develop the specification.
analysis - ANSWER specifies database requirements without regard to a specific data-
base system.
ER diagrams - ANSWER depicts entities, relationships, and attributes.
logical design - ANSWER implements database requirements in a specific database sys-
tem. specifies tables, columns, and keys.
key - ANSWER a column used to identify individual rows of a table.
table diagram - ANSWER depicts the logical design.
schema - ANSWER The logical design, as specified in SQL and depicted in a table dia-
gram.
data independence - ANSWER The principle that physical design never affects query re-
sults.
application programming interface / API - ANSWER a library of procedures or classes
that links a host programming language to a database.
MySQL - ANSWER a leading relational database system sponsored by Oracle.
4
