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Euphotic zone - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅first 200 meters
-where photosynthesis can take place
-suns radiation can be absorbed
Seed Plants - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-true plants
-not very abundant
-grasses, eelgrass and surfgrass
-mangroves
-like warm, muddy waters
-have a root system
Protists - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅a) large algae(seaweed)
-brown algae(kelp), green (sponge weed), red (rhodophyta)
b) phytoplankton(small algae)
-most producers
-diatoms
-coccolithophores
-dinoflagellates
Eukaryotes - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅seed plants and protists
Prokaryotes - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-ancient and very old
-blue-green algae, cyanobacteria
-first photosynthesizers, phytoplankton (chalk)
-red algae is adapted to survive at greater depths (irish moss)
regions of high productivity - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-polar regions
-coasts
-coral reefs
polar regions - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-no thermocline
,-great amounts of sea life
coasts - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-upwelling b/c eckman transport(winds moving water)
-nutrients coming from land
coral reefs - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅very productive
regions of low productivity - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-subtropical gyres
-far from coasts
-water doesn't move up or down
-no upwelling
-very high thermocline
energy flow - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-Producers
-Consumers
producers - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-all photosynthetic
-autotrophs-self surviving (produce their own food)
consumers - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-all animals
-heterotrophs -must consume other organisms (can't stay alive if they don't)
vertebrates - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Adaptations to the Marine Environment - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅1. Swimming/buoyancy
2. Avoiding Predators
3. Gas Exchange
4. Adaptations of deep sea fishes
Diffusion - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅there is a higher concentration of C02 in the water as the
fish breathes there is a lower concentration of C02 in the blood
Bony fishes - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-osteichthyes
-most successful group in the oceans
Placoderms - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-armored jawed fishes
-400 mya
-some of the oldest fishes
Cartilaginous fish - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-chondrichthyes
-sharks, rays
-been around for ~300 million years
Sharks - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅1) 80% of all species are not dangerous
, 2) Remarkable senses: lateral line
3) Very successful, well adapted fishes
Whale Shark - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-largest fish (15meters ~45 feet long)
-feeds on plankton and krill
Characteristics of ALL Mammals - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-mammary glands
-hair/fur
-live young
Marine Mammals - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-streamline body
-high metabolism
-large (blue whale is largest)
3 orders of Marine Mammals - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅1) Cetacea
2) Pinnipedia
3) Sirenia
Cetacea - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-whales, dolphins, porpoises
-intelligent and social
-whales largest
-porpoises smallest
-evolved from hoofed land mammals
-2 main groups
A)Odontoceti- toothed whales
B)Mysticeti- baleen whales
Pinnipedia - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-seals, sea lions, walruses
-all carnivorous and closely relate to whales
A)eared seals
B) true seals (phocids)
Sirenia - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅- sea cows, manatees, dugongs
-herbivores
-evolved from elephants
What is taken from algae for our use? - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅-carragenan: thickener and
emulsifier
-taken from red algae(irish moss)
Fisheries Mismanagement - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅1) Overfishing
2) Bycatch
3) Drift Nets
Overfishing - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅- fish harvested faster than natural reproduction rate