COMSAE level 2 111 Question and answers already passed
2026
1.prevalence vs in-Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time
cidenceIncidence - number of new cases
2. odds ratio vs rela- odds ratio: for case control studies control for disease and examine
exposure
tive risk odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed
(a/b)/(c/d)
ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the unattected
relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and examine who got the
disease
prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz unexposed
a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
3. When is an case-control studies
odds ratio
used
4. When is a relative RCT or Cohort study
risk ratio used?
5. Delayed puberty in girls
1/
26
, COMSAE level 2 111 Question and answers already passed
2026
A acteristics by age 13 failure of menarche by
b 16
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
e
x
u
a
l
c
h
a
r
2/
26
, COMSAE level 2 111 Question and answers already passed
2026
6. delayed no testicular growth has occurred by age 14 or no skeletal growth
puberty in spurt has occurred by age 18
males
MCC of growth delay. growth lags behind others in same age but
7. constitutio remains consis-tent. Often there is family history
nal growth Will have delayed bone age
delay
tubular casts with foreign body giant cell
reaction light chains are toxic to the renal tubular
8. Bence-Jones epithelium
pro-teinuria
occurs in MM
C: hypercalcemia
9. Multiple R: renal involvement w/ proteinuria
myelo-ma (amyloid) A: anemia
CRAB B: bone lytic lesions/back pain
3/
26
2026
1.prevalence vs in-Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time
cidenceIncidence - number of new cases
2. odds ratio vs rela- odds ratio: for case control studies control for disease and examine
exposure
tive risk odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed
(a/b)/(c/d)
ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the unattected
relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and examine who got the
disease
prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz unexposed
a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
3. When is an case-control studies
odds ratio
used
4. When is a relative RCT or Cohort study
risk ratio used?
5. Delayed puberty in girls
1/
26
, COMSAE level 2 111 Question and answers already passed
2026
A acteristics by age 13 failure of menarche by
b 16
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
e
x
u
a
l
c
h
a
r
2/
26
, COMSAE level 2 111 Question and answers already passed
2026
6. delayed no testicular growth has occurred by age 14 or no skeletal growth
puberty in spurt has occurred by age 18
males
MCC of growth delay. growth lags behind others in same age but
7. constitutio remains consis-tent. Often there is family history
nal growth Will have delayed bone age
delay
tubular casts with foreign body giant cell
reaction light chains are toxic to the renal tubular
8. Bence-Jones epithelium
pro-teinuria
occurs in MM
C: hypercalcemia
9. Multiple R: renal involvement w/ proteinuria
myelo-ma (amyloid) A: anemia
CRAB B: bone lytic lesions/back pain
3/
26
