BIOL 235 FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
◉ pharynx. Answer: serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains
tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly
◉ larynx. Answer: passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound
production
◉ paranasal sinuses. Answer: resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
◉ fauces. Answer: opening from oral cavity into pharynx
◉ tertiary bronchus. Answer: carries air to a segment of a lung
◉ terminal bronchiole. Answer: carries air directly into a respiratory
bronchiole
◉ pleural membranes. Answer: surround the lungs
◉ surfactant. Answer: reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
,◉ alveoli. Answer: actual sites of gas exchange
◉ eupnea. Answer: normal, quiet breathing
◉ costal breathing. Answer: shallow breathing using just the external
intercostal muscles
◉ compliance. Answer: amount of effort required to expand the lungs
and chest wall
◉ inspiratory capacity. Answer: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve
volume, usually about 3600 mL in males
◉ vital capacity. Answer: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume +
expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
◉ functional residual capacity. Answer: residual volume + expiratory
reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males
◉ Henry's law. Answer: states that the amount of gas that will dissolve
in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its
solubility
,◉ Bohr effect. Answer: when pH decreases, O2 saturation of
hemoglobin decreases
◉ Dalton's law. Answer: each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own
partial pressure
◉ medulla oblongata. Answer: sets basic rhythm of breathing
◉ pons. Answer: includes the pontine respiratory group
◉ Blood is. Answer: a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma
(liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets)
◉ Whole blood. Answer: blood plasma and formed elements
◉ Blood plasma. Answer: proteins, water, other solutes
◉ Blood plasma proteins. Answer: albumins (54%), globulins (36%),
fibrinogens (7%)
◉ Formed elements. Answer: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
, ◉ Blood cell production. Answer: hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red
bone marrow after birth
◉ Reticulocyte. Answer: from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
◉ Average lifespan of an erythrocyte. Answer: 120 days
◉ Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells. Answer: equals the rate of
RBC destruction by macrophages
◉ Emigration or diapedesis is. Answer: the process by which phagocytic
cells leave blood vessels
◉ WBCs use to destroy pathogens. Answer: lysozyme, defensins, and
certain anions
◉ Neutrophils. Answer: are usually the first and most numerous
responders to an infection
◉ Macrophages. Answer: react more slowly to an infection than
neutrophils do
◉ Pluripotent stem cells are derived from. Answer: mesenchyme
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
◉ pharynx. Answer: serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains
tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly
◉ larynx. Answer: passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound
production
◉ paranasal sinuses. Answer: resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
◉ fauces. Answer: opening from oral cavity into pharynx
◉ tertiary bronchus. Answer: carries air to a segment of a lung
◉ terminal bronchiole. Answer: carries air directly into a respiratory
bronchiole
◉ pleural membranes. Answer: surround the lungs
◉ surfactant. Answer: reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
,◉ alveoli. Answer: actual sites of gas exchange
◉ eupnea. Answer: normal, quiet breathing
◉ costal breathing. Answer: shallow breathing using just the external
intercostal muscles
◉ compliance. Answer: amount of effort required to expand the lungs
and chest wall
◉ inspiratory capacity. Answer: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve
volume, usually about 3600 mL in males
◉ vital capacity. Answer: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume +
expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
◉ functional residual capacity. Answer: residual volume + expiratory
reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males
◉ Henry's law. Answer: states that the amount of gas that will dissolve
in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its
solubility
,◉ Bohr effect. Answer: when pH decreases, O2 saturation of
hemoglobin decreases
◉ Dalton's law. Answer: each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own
partial pressure
◉ medulla oblongata. Answer: sets basic rhythm of breathing
◉ pons. Answer: includes the pontine respiratory group
◉ Blood is. Answer: a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma
(liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets)
◉ Whole blood. Answer: blood plasma and formed elements
◉ Blood plasma. Answer: proteins, water, other solutes
◉ Blood plasma proteins. Answer: albumins (54%), globulins (36%),
fibrinogens (7%)
◉ Formed elements. Answer: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
, ◉ Blood cell production. Answer: hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red
bone marrow after birth
◉ Reticulocyte. Answer: from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
◉ Average lifespan of an erythrocyte. Answer: 120 days
◉ Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells. Answer: equals the rate of
RBC destruction by macrophages
◉ Emigration or diapedesis is. Answer: the process by which phagocytic
cells leave blood vessels
◉ WBCs use to destroy pathogens. Answer: lysozyme, defensins, and
certain anions
◉ Neutrophils. Answer: are usually the first and most numerous
responders to an infection
◉ Macrophages. Answer: react more slowly to an infection than
neutrophils do
◉ Pluripotent stem cells are derived from. Answer: mesenchyme
