PSY 410 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
cardiovascular disease - Answers - disorders of the heart and blood vessel system,
including stroke and coronary heart disease
coronary heart disease - Answers - chronic disease in which the arteries that supply the
heart become narrowed or clogged
atherosclerosis - Answers - cholesterol and other fats are deposited on the walls of
coronary arteries
as the vessel walls become thick and hardened, they narrow and become less elastic
the beginning is not clear
major causes of other cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases - Answers - - angina pectoris
-myocardial infarction
-heart failure
- stroke
angina pectoris - Answers - extreme chest pain caused by a restriction of blood supply
to the heart (ischemia)
myocardial infarction - Answers - the permanent death of cardiac tissue in response to
an interruption of blood supply
heart failure - Answers - weakened heart cannot deliver blood
stroke - Answers - -cerebrovascular accident that results in damage to the brain due to
lack of oxygen
-usually caused by artherosclerosis
- Two types:
- Ischemic stroke:
rupture of plaque--> blood cot --> blockage
- hemorrhagic stroke:
-Failure of arterial wall ---> internal bleeding
Controllable risk factors (CVD) - Answers - - diet
- physical activity
- tobacco use
,- blood pressure
- cholesterol
- obesity
Uncontrollable risk factors - Answers - - family history
- socio demographic factors:
age
sex
race
who is most like to suffer from CVD? - Answers - black adults are 32 % more likely
physiological causes of CVD - Answers - hypertension
cardiovascular reactivity
hemostasis
inflammation
obesity
cholesterol level
metabolic syndrome
tobacco use
hypertension - Answers - - sustained elevation of diastolic and systolic blood pressure
- referred to as "primary" or "essential" hypertension when no clear cause
- contributing factors:
- controllable: obesity, low physical activity, dietary salt intake, and high stress
- uncontrollable: hereditary, race
cardiovascular reactivity - Answers - - individual's characteristic reaction to stress (
change in heart rate and BP)
- elevated among minority groups, stress related to racial discrimination and low SES
hemostasis - Answers - - process of slowing/stopping bleeding via blood coagulation
- elevated concentrations of fibrinogen --> hyper-coagulable state
inflammation - Answers - - chronic increase risk of atherosclerosis through plaque
development
obesity - Answers - abdominal obesity promotes the greatest risk of CVD
cholesterol level - Answers - - Total Cholesterol (Total C)
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C)
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C)
- triglycerides and other lipids
- Non-HDL cholesterol (Total HDL) strongest predictor of cardiac event
- PURE study (n=135,000) found saturated fat intake predicted lower CVD risk
, metabolic syndrome - Answers - - cluster of co-occurring conditions:
elevated blood pressure
high insulin levels
excess body fat
unhealthy cholesterol ratios
increase a person's risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
tobacco use - Answers - smoking doubles the chances of heart attack or stroke
increases BP and atherosclerosis
Psychosocial factors in CVD - Answers - Type A Personality:
- competitive, hurried, hostile people
- may be increased risk for CVD
- emotional responses characterized by hostility and anger
Type B personality:
- less competitive, worries, hostile
-tend to be resistant to coronary disease
- Negative affect: aversive or distressing emotions
- depression and risk of CVD
Type D:
- personality type characterized by:
- negative emotions
- difficulty expressing emotions
- social inhibition
-interpersonal difficulties
John Henryism - Answers - - active copying with persistent psychosocial stressors by
expending high levels of effort
- characteristics coping style among African American subgroups
- used to with:
- racial discrimination
- low socioeconomic standing
- may promote hypertension and CVD particularly among lower SES individuals
Negative Affect and CVD - Answers - 1. psychosocial vulnerability hypothesis:
- hostility, anger -> limited social support -> greater susceptibility to stress -> CVD
2. Health behavior explanation: negative affect -> low motivation/perceived benefit for
health behavior -> CVD
3. Cardiovascular reactivity model
ANSWERS
cardiovascular disease - Answers - disorders of the heart and blood vessel system,
including stroke and coronary heart disease
coronary heart disease - Answers - chronic disease in which the arteries that supply the
heart become narrowed or clogged
atherosclerosis - Answers - cholesterol and other fats are deposited on the walls of
coronary arteries
as the vessel walls become thick and hardened, they narrow and become less elastic
the beginning is not clear
major causes of other cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases - Answers - - angina pectoris
-myocardial infarction
-heart failure
- stroke
angina pectoris - Answers - extreme chest pain caused by a restriction of blood supply
to the heart (ischemia)
myocardial infarction - Answers - the permanent death of cardiac tissue in response to
an interruption of blood supply
heart failure - Answers - weakened heart cannot deliver blood
stroke - Answers - -cerebrovascular accident that results in damage to the brain due to
lack of oxygen
-usually caused by artherosclerosis
- Two types:
- Ischemic stroke:
rupture of plaque--> blood cot --> blockage
- hemorrhagic stroke:
-Failure of arterial wall ---> internal bleeding
Controllable risk factors (CVD) - Answers - - diet
- physical activity
- tobacco use
,- blood pressure
- cholesterol
- obesity
Uncontrollable risk factors - Answers - - family history
- socio demographic factors:
age
sex
race
who is most like to suffer from CVD? - Answers - black adults are 32 % more likely
physiological causes of CVD - Answers - hypertension
cardiovascular reactivity
hemostasis
inflammation
obesity
cholesterol level
metabolic syndrome
tobacco use
hypertension - Answers - - sustained elevation of diastolic and systolic blood pressure
- referred to as "primary" or "essential" hypertension when no clear cause
- contributing factors:
- controllable: obesity, low physical activity, dietary salt intake, and high stress
- uncontrollable: hereditary, race
cardiovascular reactivity - Answers - - individual's characteristic reaction to stress (
change in heart rate and BP)
- elevated among minority groups, stress related to racial discrimination and low SES
hemostasis - Answers - - process of slowing/stopping bleeding via blood coagulation
- elevated concentrations of fibrinogen --> hyper-coagulable state
inflammation - Answers - - chronic increase risk of atherosclerosis through plaque
development
obesity - Answers - abdominal obesity promotes the greatest risk of CVD
cholesterol level - Answers - - Total Cholesterol (Total C)
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C)
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C)
- triglycerides and other lipids
- Non-HDL cholesterol (Total HDL) strongest predictor of cardiac event
- PURE study (n=135,000) found saturated fat intake predicted lower CVD risk
, metabolic syndrome - Answers - - cluster of co-occurring conditions:
elevated blood pressure
high insulin levels
excess body fat
unhealthy cholesterol ratios
increase a person's risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
tobacco use - Answers - smoking doubles the chances of heart attack or stroke
increases BP and atherosclerosis
Psychosocial factors in CVD - Answers - Type A Personality:
- competitive, hurried, hostile people
- may be increased risk for CVD
- emotional responses characterized by hostility and anger
Type B personality:
- less competitive, worries, hostile
-tend to be resistant to coronary disease
- Negative affect: aversive or distressing emotions
- depression and risk of CVD
Type D:
- personality type characterized by:
- negative emotions
- difficulty expressing emotions
- social inhibition
-interpersonal difficulties
John Henryism - Answers - - active copying with persistent psychosocial stressors by
expending high levels of effort
- characteristics coping style among African American subgroups
- used to with:
- racial discrimination
- low socioeconomic standing
- may promote hypertension and CVD particularly among lower SES individuals
Negative Affect and CVD - Answers - 1. psychosocial vulnerability hypothesis:
- hostility, anger -> limited social support -> greater susceptibility to stress -> CVD
2. Health behavior explanation: negative affect -> low motivation/perceived benefit for
health behavior -> CVD
3. Cardiovascular reactivity model
