UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MOCK
EXAM AND STUDY MATERIAL WITH CASE
SCENARIOS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION
PRACTICE
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia common in.
Answer: endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance
correction hyperplasia regresses
◉ metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell
type
◉ Metaplasia in respiratory tract.
Answer: replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the
bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking)
Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible
if stimulus removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with
progression to esophageal cancer
◉ Dysplasia.
Answer: atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape,
number and organization of the cells
,◉ Where might one see Dysplasia.
Answer: pap smear, colonoscopy
◉ What happens during cellular injury.
Answer: cell unable to maintain homeostasis
◉ Reversible injury.
Answer: cell recovery
◉ Irreversible injury.
Answer: cell death
◉ Injurious stimuli.
Answer: chemical agents, decreased oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals
which can be from excessive O2 infectious agents, physical damage,
immunologic reactions, nutrition imbalances, mutant genes (look at
person holistically)
◉ What is the point of no return for the cell.
Answer: Once changes to the nucleus occur and cell membranes are
disrupted, the cell moves to irreversible injury and death
, ◉ What is the most common cause of cellular injury.
Answer: hypoxic injury
◉ Hypoxic injuries result from.
Answer: decrease amount O2 in air, loss of hemoglobin or efficacy of
hemoglobin (max response avb), decrease production of RBC,
respiratory and CV diseases, poisoning of oxidative enzymes within
the cells, ischemia
◉ Ischemia.
Answer: reduced blood supply (MOST COMMON CAUSE OF
HYPOXIA)
◉ Ischemia reperfusion injury.
Answer: additional injury caused by restoration: blood flow of O2
◉ Cellular injury mechanisms.
Answer: oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium,
inflammation, complement activation, anoxia
◉ Cellular response to cellular injury mechanisms.
Answer: decrease ATP, cause failure of sodium-potassium pump, and
sodium-calcium change, cellular swelling sodium in and water,
EXAM AND STUDY MATERIAL WITH CASE
SCENARIOS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION
PRACTICE
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia common in.
Answer: endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance
correction hyperplasia regresses
◉ metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell
type
◉ Metaplasia in respiratory tract.
Answer: replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the
bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking)
Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible
if stimulus removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with
progression to esophageal cancer
◉ Dysplasia.
Answer: atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape,
number and organization of the cells
,◉ Where might one see Dysplasia.
Answer: pap smear, colonoscopy
◉ What happens during cellular injury.
Answer: cell unable to maintain homeostasis
◉ Reversible injury.
Answer: cell recovery
◉ Irreversible injury.
Answer: cell death
◉ Injurious stimuli.
Answer: chemical agents, decreased oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals
which can be from excessive O2 infectious agents, physical damage,
immunologic reactions, nutrition imbalances, mutant genes (look at
person holistically)
◉ What is the point of no return for the cell.
Answer: Once changes to the nucleus occur and cell membranes are
disrupted, the cell moves to irreversible injury and death
, ◉ What is the most common cause of cellular injury.
Answer: hypoxic injury
◉ Hypoxic injuries result from.
Answer: decrease amount O2 in air, loss of hemoglobin or efficacy of
hemoglobin (max response avb), decrease production of RBC,
respiratory and CV diseases, poisoning of oxidative enzymes within
the cells, ischemia
◉ Ischemia.
Answer: reduced blood supply (MOST COMMON CAUSE OF
HYPOXIA)
◉ Ischemia reperfusion injury.
Answer: additional injury caused by restoration: blood flow of O2
◉ Cellular injury mechanisms.
Answer: oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium,
inflammation, complement activation, anoxia
◉ Cellular response to cellular injury mechanisms.
Answer: decrease ATP, cause failure of sodium-potassium pump, and
sodium-calcium change, cellular swelling sodium in and water,
