UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND RATIONALES
●● Inflammatory response
Answer: The second line of defense that is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote
healing
●● Adaptive immunity
Answer: The body's third line of defense is induced in a relatively
slower and more specific process and targets particular invading
microorganism for the purpose of eradicating them. "memory"
●● Lysozyme
Answer: Enzyme found in perspiration, tears and saliva that attracts the
wall of gram + bacteria
●● Cathelicidins
Answer: Peptide that can insert itself into bacteria membrane, disrupting
it and killing them. Stored in neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes and can
be released during inflammation.
Produced by epithelial cells of the skin, gut, urinary tract and respiratory
tract. Critical role in mammalian innate immunity
,●● Defensins
Answer: Small, cysteine-rich cationic protein found in certs and inverts.
There are alpha and beta subtypes. Active against bacteria, fungi, and
viruses.
Cells of the immune system contain these peptides to assist in killing
phagocytized bacteria. Most function by binding to microbial cell
membrane and form pores, efflux of essential ions/nutrients
●● Collectins
Answer: Glycoproteins that react with carbohydrates on the surface of a
wide array of pathogenic microorganisms and helps cells of the innate
immune system (macrophages) to recognize and kill the microorganism
●● Inflammation
Answer: The first response to injury. Occurs in tissues with blood supply
and is activated rapidly (within seconds) after damage occurs. Depends
on the activity of both cellular and chemical components and is
nonspecific.
●● Opsonins
Answer: Molecules that coat the surface of bacteria and increase their
susceptibility to being phagocytized and killed by inflammatory cells.
Molecules that activate the complement system
, ●● Chemotactic factors
Answer: Molecules that diffuse away from the site of inflammation and
attract phagocytic cells to that site
●● Anaphylatoxins
Answer: Molecules that can induce rapid degranulation of mast cells
●● Most potent complement products
Answer: C3b (opsonin)
C3a (anaphylatoxin)
C5a (anaphylatoxin, chemotactic factors)
●● Classical pathway
Answer: Primarily activated by antibodies which then activated the first
complement, C1, which then leads to activation of C3 and C5.
Antibodies of the acquired immune response can use the complement
system to kill bacteria and activate inflammation
●● Alternative pathway
Answer: Activated by several substances found on the surface of
infectious organisms.
COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND RATIONALES
●● Inflammatory response
Answer: The second line of defense that is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote
healing
●● Adaptive immunity
Answer: The body's third line of defense is induced in a relatively
slower and more specific process and targets particular invading
microorganism for the purpose of eradicating them. "memory"
●● Lysozyme
Answer: Enzyme found in perspiration, tears and saliva that attracts the
wall of gram + bacteria
●● Cathelicidins
Answer: Peptide that can insert itself into bacteria membrane, disrupting
it and killing them. Stored in neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes and can
be released during inflammation.
Produced by epithelial cells of the skin, gut, urinary tract and respiratory
tract. Critical role in mammalian innate immunity
,●● Defensins
Answer: Small, cysteine-rich cationic protein found in certs and inverts.
There are alpha and beta subtypes. Active against bacteria, fungi, and
viruses.
Cells of the immune system contain these peptides to assist in killing
phagocytized bacteria. Most function by binding to microbial cell
membrane and form pores, efflux of essential ions/nutrients
●● Collectins
Answer: Glycoproteins that react with carbohydrates on the surface of a
wide array of pathogenic microorganisms and helps cells of the innate
immune system (macrophages) to recognize and kill the microorganism
●● Inflammation
Answer: The first response to injury. Occurs in tissues with blood supply
and is activated rapidly (within seconds) after damage occurs. Depends
on the activity of both cellular and chemical components and is
nonspecific.
●● Opsonins
Answer: Molecules that coat the surface of bacteria and increase their
susceptibility to being phagocytized and killed by inflammatory cells.
Molecules that activate the complement system
, ●● Chemotactic factors
Answer: Molecules that diffuse away from the site of inflammation and
attract phagocytic cells to that site
●● Anaphylatoxins
Answer: Molecules that can induce rapid degranulation of mast cells
●● Most potent complement products
Answer: C3b (opsonin)
C3a (anaphylatoxin)
C5a (anaphylatoxin, chemotactic factors)
●● Classical pathway
Answer: Primarily activated by antibodies which then activated the first
complement, C1, which then leads to activation of C3 and C5.
Antibodies of the acquired immune response can use the complement
system to kill bacteria and activate inflammation
●● Alternative pathway
Answer: Activated by several substances found on the surface of
infectious organisms.
