UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A
PLUS
●● A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes.
After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider
orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous
solution. Which of the following would be expected?
A. Symptoms subside quickly
B. Intracellular dehydration
C. Massive dependent edema
D. No noticeable effect
Answer: B. Intracellular dehydration
●● The nurse is aware that hyperkalemia can be manifested in the
following signs and symptoms. (Select all that apply)
a. Bone pain, osteoporosis
b. Potassium level >5.5 mEq/L
c. Increased neuromuscular irritability
d. Normal EKG tracing (reading)
,e. Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis
Answer: Potassium level >5.5 mEq/L; Increased neuromuscular
irritability; Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis
●● The primary provider told your patient to increase dietary potassium.
The nurse would help the client identify which of the following in
his/her diet teaching as higher in potassium? (Select all that apply)
a. Watermelon
b. Oranges
c. Banannas
d. Apples
e. Baked potatoes
Answer: Oranges, Bananas, Baked potatoes
●● When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers
that the principle of water balance is closely related to the balance of:
A. bicarbonate
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. chloride
Answer: C. Sodium
,●● During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred
to as what type of atrophy?
A. Disuse
B. Neurogenic
C. Pathologic
D. Physiologic
Answer: D. physiologic
●● Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is
determined by
A. osmotic forces.
B. buffer systems
C. antidiuretic hormone
D. plasma pressure
Answer: A. osmotic forces
●● Which is the initial treatment for hypernatremia?
a. Diuretic administration
b. Isotonic 0.9% normal saline fluid
, c. Isotonic salt-free fluid (5% dextrose in water).
d. Restriction of fluids
Answer: C. Isotonic salt-free fluid (5% dextrose in water).
●● A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that
causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles.
What term would the nurse use to define this process?
A. Adaptation
B. Apoptosis
C. Necrosis
D. Calcification
Answer: C. necrosis
●● A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined
for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial)
reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal
columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called:
A. metaplasia
B. anaplasia
C. hyperplasiz
D. dysplasia
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A
PLUS
●● A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes.
After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider
orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous
solution. Which of the following would be expected?
A. Symptoms subside quickly
B. Intracellular dehydration
C. Massive dependent edema
D. No noticeable effect
Answer: B. Intracellular dehydration
●● The nurse is aware that hyperkalemia can be manifested in the
following signs and symptoms. (Select all that apply)
a. Bone pain, osteoporosis
b. Potassium level >5.5 mEq/L
c. Increased neuromuscular irritability
d. Normal EKG tracing (reading)
,e. Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis
Answer: Potassium level >5.5 mEq/L; Increased neuromuscular
irritability; Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis
●● The primary provider told your patient to increase dietary potassium.
The nurse would help the client identify which of the following in
his/her diet teaching as higher in potassium? (Select all that apply)
a. Watermelon
b. Oranges
c. Banannas
d. Apples
e. Baked potatoes
Answer: Oranges, Bananas, Baked potatoes
●● When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers
that the principle of water balance is closely related to the balance of:
A. bicarbonate
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. chloride
Answer: C. Sodium
,●● During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred
to as what type of atrophy?
A. Disuse
B. Neurogenic
C. Pathologic
D. Physiologic
Answer: D. physiologic
●● Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is
determined by
A. osmotic forces.
B. buffer systems
C. antidiuretic hormone
D. plasma pressure
Answer: A. osmotic forces
●● Which is the initial treatment for hypernatremia?
a. Diuretic administration
b. Isotonic 0.9% normal saline fluid
, c. Isotonic salt-free fluid (5% dextrose in water).
d. Restriction of fluids
Answer: C. Isotonic salt-free fluid (5% dextrose in water).
●● A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that
causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles.
What term would the nurse use to define this process?
A. Adaptation
B. Apoptosis
C. Necrosis
D. Calcification
Answer: C. necrosis
●● A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined
for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial)
reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal
columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called:
A. metaplasia
B. anaplasia
C. hyperplasiz
D. dysplasia
