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NUR 150-FINAL EXAM 2026/2027
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - ANSWER--
involving the airways, pulmonary parenchyma, or both
-characterized by persistent airflow limitations
-preventable and treatable but not fully reversible
-chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Risk factors for COPD - ANSWER-- Smoking or smoke
exposure
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)
- Occupational dusts and chemicals
- Indoor an Outdoor air pollution
Emphysema (pink puffer) - ANSWER-wheezing in lungs
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pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER--cough and
sputum production for at least 3 month in each of 2 consecutive
years
-ciliary function is reduced, bronchial walls thicken, bronchial
airways narrow, and mucous can plug the airways
-alveoli is damaged and the fibroses and alveolar macrophage
function diminishes
-pt more susceptible to respiratory infections
Emphysema background - ANSWER--abnormal distention of air
spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the
walls of alveoli (shown with wheezing)
-mainly caused from smoking and infection
-can lead to hypoxemia
-can lead to increased pulmonary artery pressure and can
cause right sided heart failure
clinical manifestation of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER--sputum
production
-cough
-dyspnea
-"barrel chest"
-weight loss result to dyspnea
-fatigue
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-crackles in lungs
-peripheral edema-ankles-(right HF)
Complications of COPD - ANSWER--acute respiratory
failure/insufficiency
-pulmonary hypertension
-pneumonia
-chronic atelectasis
-pneumothorax
-cor pulmonale (can be caused by the low o2 in the vessels
from the COPD. this causes strain from the pulmonary HTN on
R V and cause HF)
Diagnostic test/ Assessment COPD - ANSWER--PFT
-spirometry
-ABGs (not enough to diagnosis COPD)
-chest x-ray
-hx and physical exam
-6 minute walk test
-serum x1-antitrypsin levels
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Medical management of COPD - ANSWER--smoking cessation
-drug therapy
-provide o2 therapy/breathing exercises
-bronchodilators prior to meals
-low carb (takes co2 to break it down), high protein, high cal
-pneumococcal vaccine
-flu vaccine
-pulmonary rehabilitation
-good nutritional
medications for COPD - ANSWER--bronchodilators,
MDIs(mulit-dose inhaler)(beta-adrenergic agonists, muscarinic
atagonists/ anticholinergics, combination agents),
-corticosteroids,
-antibiotics,
-mucolytics,
-antitussives
OSA manifestations - ANSWER--arousal during sleep
-insomnia
-excessive daytime sleepiness
-witnessed apnea episodes
NUR 150-FINAL EXAM 2026/2027
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - ANSWER--
involving the airways, pulmonary parenchyma, or both
-characterized by persistent airflow limitations
-preventable and treatable but not fully reversible
-chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Risk factors for COPD - ANSWER-- Smoking or smoke
exposure
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)
- Occupational dusts and chemicals
- Indoor an Outdoor air pollution
Emphysema (pink puffer) - ANSWER-wheezing in lungs
,2 | Page
pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER--cough and
sputum production for at least 3 month in each of 2 consecutive
years
-ciliary function is reduced, bronchial walls thicken, bronchial
airways narrow, and mucous can plug the airways
-alveoli is damaged and the fibroses and alveolar macrophage
function diminishes
-pt more susceptible to respiratory infections
Emphysema background - ANSWER--abnormal distention of air
spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the
walls of alveoli (shown with wheezing)
-mainly caused from smoking and infection
-can lead to hypoxemia
-can lead to increased pulmonary artery pressure and can
cause right sided heart failure
clinical manifestation of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER--sputum
production
-cough
-dyspnea
-"barrel chest"
-weight loss result to dyspnea
-fatigue
,3 | Page
-crackles in lungs
-peripheral edema-ankles-(right HF)
Complications of COPD - ANSWER--acute respiratory
failure/insufficiency
-pulmonary hypertension
-pneumonia
-chronic atelectasis
-pneumothorax
-cor pulmonale (can be caused by the low o2 in the vessels
from the COPD. this causes strain from the pulmonary HTN on
R V and cause HF)
Diagnostic test/ Assessment COPD - ANSWER--PFT
-spirometry
-ABGs (not enough to diagnosis COPD)
-chest x-ray
-hx and physical exam
-6 minute walk test
-serum x1-antitrypsin levels
, 4 | Page
Medical management of COPD - ANSWER--smoking cessation
-drug therapy
-provide o2 therapy/breathing exercises
-bronchodilators prior to meals
-low carb (takes co2 to break it down), high protein, high cal
-pneumococcal vaccine
-flu vaccine
-pulmonary rehabilitation
-good nutritional
medications for COPD - ANSWER--bronchodilators,
MDIs(mulit-dose inhaler)(beta-adrenergic agonists, muscarinic
atagonists/ anticholinergics, combination agents),
-corticosteroids,
-antibiotics,
-mucolytics,
-antitussives
OSA manifestations - ANSWER--arousal during sleep
-insomnia
-excessive daytime sleepiness
-witnessed apnea episodes
