BIO 231 Pathophysiology Unit 2
Study Guide
Innate immunity - ANSWER ✔✔defense mechanisms that are
present at birth and provide the initial response to invasion and injury
Innate barriers - ANSWER ✔✔first line of defense at the body's
surfaces; physical(anatomical), mechanical, and biochemical
barriers(chemical)
Inflammatory response - ANSWER ✔✔second line of defense;
activated to protect the body from further injury, fight infection, and
promote healing
Adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔✔third line of defense; induced
through a slower and more specific process and targets particular
invaders and diseased tissues for the purpose of eradicating them
,Lysozyme - ANSWER ✔✔enzyme which attacks the cell walls of
gram-positive bacteria
Antimicrobial peptides - ANSWER ✔✔substances that kill or inhibit
the growth of disease-causing bacteria, fungi, and viruses
Normal microbiome - ANSWER ✔✔previously normal flora; array of
microorganisms that colonize the body's surfaces; combination of
bacteria and fungi unique to body location and individual
Opportunistic pathogens - ANSWER ✔✔harmless under normal
circumstances but can cause disease in immunocompromised
individuals
Phagocytes - ANSWER ✔✔cells capable of ingesting other things like
bacteria; neutrophils and macrophages
Plasma protein systems - ANSWER ✔✔multiple proteins and
enzymes present in the blood in inactive forms, that may be activated in
cascade and lead to a protective biologic function
Opsonization. - ANSWER ✔✔phagocytosis using opsonins that
adhere the phagocyte to the target
Opsonins - ANSWER ✔✔coat the surface of bacteria increasing their
susceptibility to phagocytosis
, Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - ANSWER ✔✔receptors on
innate immune cells that allow them to recognize infectious
microorganisms and cellular damage
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSWER
✔✔molecules expressed by infections agents
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) - ANSWER
✔✔products of cellular damage
Cytokines - ANSWER ✔✔small signaling proteins
Chemokines - ANSWER ✔✔cytokines that are chemotactic
Interleukins - ANSWER ✔✔cytokines released by lymphocytes and
macrophages to alter behavior of other cells
Interferons - ANSWER ✔✔cytokine that protect against viral
infections and modulate the immune response
Leukotrienes - ANSWER ✔✔lipids that induce smooth muscle
contraction and increased vascular permeability
Exudates - ANSWER ✔✔fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into
nearby tissues; can be serous, fibrinous, purulent, or hemorrhagic
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Study Guide
Innate immunity - ANSWER ✔✔defense mechanisms that are
present at birth and provide the initial response to invasion and injury
Innate barriers - ANSWER ✔✔first line of defense at the body's
surfaces; physical(anatomical), mechanical, and biochemical
barriers(chemical)
Inflammatory response - ANSWER ✔✔second line of defense;
activated to protect the body from further injury, fight infection, and
promote healing
Adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔✔third line of defense; induced
through a slower and more specific process and targets particular
invaders and diseased tissues for the purpose of eradicating them
,Lysozyme - ANSWER ✔✔enzyme which attacks the cell walls of
gram-positive bacteria
Antimicrobial peptides - ANSWER ✔✔substances that kill or inhibit
the growth of disease-causing bacteria, fungi, and viruses
Normal microbiome - ANSWER ✔✔previously normal flora; array of
microorganisms that colonize the body's surfaces; combination of
bacteria and fungi unique to body location and individual
Opportunistic pathogens - ANSWER ✔✔harmless under normal
circumstances but can cause disease in immunocompromised
individuals
Phagocytes - ANSWER ✔✔cells capable of ingesting other things like
bacteria; neutrophils and macrophages
Plasma protein systems - ANSWER ✔✔multiple proteins and
enzymes present in the blood in inactive forms, that may be activated in
cascade and lead to a protective biologic function
Opsonization. - ANSWER ✔✔phagocytosis using opsonins that
adhere the phagocyte to the target
Opsonins - ANSWER ✔✔coat the surface of bacteria increasing their
susceptibility to phagocytosis
, Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - ANSWER ✔✔receptors on
innate immune cells that allow them to recognize infectious
microorganisms and cellular damage
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSWER
✔✔molecules expressed by infections agents
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) - ANSWER
✔✔products of cellular damage
Cytokines - ANSWER ✔✔small signaling proteins
Chemokines - ANSWER ✔✔cytokines that are chemotactic
Interleukins - ANSWER ✔✔cytokines released by lymphocytes and
macrophages to alter behavior of other cells
Interferons - ANSWER ✔✔cytokine that protect against viral
infections and modulate the immune response
Leukotrienes - ANSWER ✔✔lipids that induce smooth muscle
contraction and increased vascular permeability
Exudates - ANSWER ✔✔fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into
nearby tissues; can be serous, fibrinous, purulent, or hemorrhagic
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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