GMS 522 FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS FULL REVIEW RESOURCE

GMS 522 FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS FULL REVIEW
RESOURCE

●● Channel-linked receptors
Answer: - ion channels open when bound to ligand
- hyperpolarization or depolarization
- milliseconds
- ex. nicotinic receptor, ACh receptor


●● G-protein coupled receptors
Answer: - use second messenger systems to induce cellular effects when
bound
- seconds
- ex. muscarinic ACh receptor


●● Kinase-linked receptors
Answer: - cause protein phosphorylation inducing cellular effects when
bound
-minutes
- ex. insulin receptor

,●● Nuclear receptors
Answer: - induce gene transcription when bound
- hours
- ex. estrogen receptor


●● Heterotrimeric G proteins
Answer: - receptor
- alpha, beta, gamma - subunits
- amplify signal
- induce second messenger systems


●● Alpha subunit
Answer: - binds GTP converting to GDP


●● GPCR ligands
Answer: - hormones
- neurotransmitters
- chemokines
- ions
- amino acids
- peptides
- etc.

,●● PKA
Answer: - protein kinase A
- activated by cyclic AMP
- enter nucleus and alter transcription


●● Phosphorylase kinase
Answer: - activated by PKA
- breakdown glycogen


●● L-type Ca Channels
Answer: - activated by PKA
- heart contraction


●● Pyruvated kinase
Answer: - activated by PKA
- activate gylcolysis


●● Hormone sensitve lipase
Answer: - activated by PKA
- cause triglyceride breakdown

, ●● CREB
Answer: - activated by PKA
- cause gene transcription


●● Adenylate cyclase
Answer: - activated by GPCR
- cAMP as second messenger
- activate PKA


●● Phosphollipase C
Answer: - activated by GPCR
- IP3 as second messenger
- increase Ca2+ causing contraction


●● Phospholipase A2
Answer: - activated by GPCR
- AA as secondary messanger
- activate eicosanoids which are released as local hormones
- activate ion channels


●● Protein kinase-linked receptors
Answer: - no second messanger