MCB 3020 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the two types of Immunity? - Answers - Innate Immunity and Acquired
Immunity
What are the major components of Innate Immunity? - Answers - skin, stomach acid,
fever, immflamuation, phagocytosis, and complement proteins
What is Innate Immunity? - Answers - inbuilt immunity to resist infection (nonspecific)
What is Acquired Immunity? - Answers - immunity established to resist infection
(specificity, tolerance, memory)
What are the major components of Acquired Immunity? - Answers -
What are the primary lymphatic tissues and organs? - Answers - bone marrow and
thymus
What is the primary lymphatic system? - Answers - involved in production, maturation,
and differentiation of lymphocytes
What is the secondary lymphatic system? - Answers - initiate an adaptive immune
response by encountering and binding antigens
What are the secondary lymphatic tissues and organs? - Answers - spleen, lymph
nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches
What is the function of bone marrow? - Answers - where all immune system
components originate (except complement proteins)
What is the function of the thymus? - Answers - immune system cells develop and
differentiate here after they leave the bone marrow
How is the spleen involved in the immune system? - Answers - it filters the blood for: (1)
dead red blood cells (red pulp)
(2) any sign of infection (white pulp; contains lymphocytes)
How are lymph nodes involved in the immune system? - Answers - pea-sized organs
that filter lymph for the presence of infectious agents (antigens)
Where are lymph nodes found? - Answers - armpit area and groin area
What cells act inside lymph nodes? - Answers - B cells and T cells interact with each
other in the lymph node to process the antigen and initiate a response
,What are the blood-formed elements? - Answers - White Blood cells, Red Blood cells,
and Platelets
What do red blood cells do? - Answers - carry O2 and CO2
What do white blood cells do? - Answers -
What do platelets do? - Answers - involved in blood clotting and inflammation
If your number of neutrophils is high... - Answers - you have bacterial infection
If your number of eosinophils is high... - Answers - you have a parasitic infection
What is the first line of defense? - Answers - nonspecific defense that prevents
pathogens from entering the body
What are the major elements of the first line of defense? - Answers - skin, mucous
membrane, microbial antagonism,and mucociliary escalator
How does the skin defend against pathogens? (4) - Answers - 1) perspiration (high salt)
2) secretion of oil (low pH)
3) Lysozyme (destroy cell walls)
4) epidermis (shed dead cells with pathogens)
How does the mucous membrane defend against pathogens? - Answers - continually
sheds dead cells that may contain pathogens
How do microbes on the skin help defend against pathogens? - Answers - they compete
with other microbes for food and space
they also provide vitamins to the host
What are the major components of the second line of defense? - Answers -
phagocytosis
extracellular killing (NK cells)
inflammation
fever
complement system
What is the function of a lysosome involved in phagocytosis? - Answers - the lysosome
releases chemicals chemicals that digest the microbe that the phagocytic cell has
engulfed
What chemicals does the lysosome contain? - Answers - hydrolytic enzymes (lipases,
proteases, etc.)
hydrogen peroxide
, superoxides
toxic nitrogen intermediaries
What is inflammation? - Answers - nonspecific response to tissue injury due to infection
or physical means
What are the major characteristics of inflammation? - Answers - redness, capillary
dilation, warmth, pain, swelling recruit phagocytes, restrict pathogens
How is fever produced? - Answers - the body responds to a pathogen by increasing
metabolic activity, increasing muscle contractions, and reducing blood flow to the skin
Which molecules induce fevers? - Answers - Interleukin-1 (signals
bacterial components (toxins and other components)
antibody-antigen complexes
What are molecules that induce fevers called? - Answers - pyrogens
What are complement proteins? - Answers - complement proteins are proteins that
circulate in the blood killing, opsonizing, produce inflammatory compounds, or attract
immune cells
What is opsonization? - Answers - opsonization is the coating of microbes by serum
proteins
What is the effect of opsonization? - Answers - facilitate phagocytosis
What are three opsonins? - Answers - antibodies
complement proteins
acute phase proteins (CRP and MBL)
What are is the second line of defense? - Answers - set nonspecific defenses that
attack all pathogens in a similar fashion
What are antigens? - Answers - foreign molecules that elicit an immune response and B
cells and T cells are activated in response to each specific antigen
What are the major characteristics of antigens? - Answers - large, complex molecules
can have several epitopes (antigenic determinant sites)
What is the third line of defense? - Answers - forms the body's acquired immune
response, which conveys specific immunity
What are the major characteristics of the third line of defense? - Answers - tolerance
and recognition of self vs. non-self
specificity
What are the two types of Immunity? - Answers - Innate Immunity and Acquired
Immunity
What are the major components of Innate Immunity? - Answers - skin, stomach acid,
fever, immflamuation, phagocytosis, and complement proteins
What is Innate Immunity? - Answers - inbuilt immunity to resist infection (nonspecific)
What is Acquired Immunity? - Answers - immunity established to resist infection
(specificity, tolerance, memory)
What are the major components of Acquired Immunity? - Answers -
What are the primary lymphatic tissues and organs? - Answers - bone marrow and
thymus
What is the primary lymphatic system? - Answers - involved in production, maturation,
and differentiation of lymphocytes
What is the secondary lymphatic system? - Answers - initiate an adaptive immune
response by encountering and binding antigens
What are the secondary lymphatic tissues and organs? - Answers - spleen, lymph
nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches
What is the function of bone marrow? - Answers - where all immune system
components originate (except complement proteins)
What is the function of the thymus? - Answers - immune system cells develop and
differentiate here after they leave the bone marrow
How is the spleen involved in the immune system? - Answers - it filters the blood for: (1)
dead red blood cells (red pulp)
(2) any sign of infection (white pulp; contains lymphocytes)
How are lymph nodes involved in the immune system? - Answers - pea-sized organs
that filter lymph for the presence of infectious agents (antigens)
Where are lymph nodes found? - Answers - armpit area and groin area
What cells act inside lymph nodes? - Answers - B cells and T cells interact with each
other in the lymph node to process the antigen and initiate a response
,What are the blood-formed elements? - Answers - White Blood cells, Red Blood cells,
and Platelets
What do red blood cells do? - Answers - carry O2 and CO2
What do white blood cells do? - Answers -
What do platelets do? - Answers - involved in blood clotting and inflammation
If your number of neutrophils is high... - Answers - you have bacterial infection
If your number of eosinophils is high... - Answers - you have a parasitic infection
What is the first line of defense? - Answers - nonspecific defense that prevents
pathogens from entering the body
What are the major elements of the first line of defense? - Answers - skin, mucous
membrane, microbial antagonism,and mucociliary escalator
How does the skin defend against pathogens? (4) - Answers - 1) perspiration (high salt)
2) secretion of oil (low pH)
3) Lysozyme (destroy cell walls)
4) epidermis (shed dead cells with pathogens)
How does the mucous membrane defend against pathogens? - Answers - continually
sheds dead cells that may contain pathogens
How do microbes on the skin help defend against pathogens? - Answers - they compete
with other microbes for food and space
they also provide vitamins to the host
What are the major components of the second line of defense? - Answers -
phagocytosis
extracellular killing (NK cells)
inflammation
fever
complement system
What is the function of a lysosome involved in phagocytosis? - Answers - the lysosome
releases chemicals chemicals that digest the microbe that the phagocytic cell has
engulfed
What chemicals does the lysosome contain? - Answers - hydrolytic enzymes (lipases,
proteases, etc.)
hydrogen peroxide
, superoxides
toxic nitrogen intermediaries
What is inflammation? - Answers - nonspecific response to tissue injury due to infection
or physical means
What are the major characteristics of inflammation? - Answers - redness, capillary
dilation, warmth, pain, swelling recruit phagocytes, restrict pathogens
How is fever produced? - Answers - the body responds to a pathogen by increasing
metabolic activity, increasing muscle contractions, and reducing blood flow to the skin
Which molecules induce fevers? - Answers - Interleukin-1 (signals
bacterial components (toxins and other components)
antibody-antigen complexes
What are molecules that induce fevers called? - Answers - pyrogens
What are complement proteins? - Answers - complement proteins are proteins that
circulate in the blood killing, opsonizing, produce inflammatory compounds, or attract
immune cells
What is opsonization? - Answers - opsonization is the coating of microbes by serum
proteins
What is the effect of opsonization? - Answers - facilitate phagocytosis
What are three opsonins? - Answers - antibodies
complement proteins
acute phase proteins (CRP and MBL)
What are is the second line of defense? - Answers - set nonspecific defenses that
attack all pathogens in a similar fashion
What are antigens? - Answers - foreign molecules that elicit an immune response and B
cells and T cells are activated in response to each specific antigen
What are the major characteristics of antigens? - Answers - large, complex molecules
can have several epitopes (antigenic determinant sites)
What is the third line of defense? - Answers - forms the body's acquired immune
response, which conveys specific immunity
What are the major characteristics of the third line of defense? - Answers - tolerance
and recognition of self vs. non-self
specificity
