PAT 201 ACTUAL EXAM 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULL
SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ Interferons (IFNs)
Answer: Protect against viral infections and modulate inflammatory
response
- are produced and released by virally infected host cells in response
to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- don't directly kill viruses but prevent them from infecting
additional healthy cells
◉ Types of Interferons (IFNs)
Answer: IFN-a (alpha) and IFN-B (beta) --> induce the production of
antiviral proteins
IFN-y --> increases microbiocidal activity of macrophages
◉ Chemokines
Answer: Types of cytokines that primarily attract leukocytes to site
of inflammation
- produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
, - >40 diff kinds exist
- vast majority classified as either CC-chemokines (B-chemokines)
or CXC-chemokines (a-chemokines)
◉ Mast Cells
Answer: Are cellular bags of granules located in loose CT close to
blood vessels
- skin, digestive lining, respiratory tract
◉ Mast Cell Activation
Answer: Physical injury, chemical agents, immunological processes,
and TLRs
- Released in 2 ways: Degranulation and Synthesis
◉ Mast Cell Degranulation
Answer: Involves immediate release of histamine, chemotactic
factors, and cytokines
- Histamine --> causes temp and rapid constriction of large blood
vessels and dilation of postcapillary venules
- endothelial cells that line capillaries are retracted
◉ Mast Cell Degranulation Receptors
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULL
SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ Interferons (IFNs)
Answer: Protect against viral infections and modulate inflammatory
response
- are produced and released by virally infected host cells in response
to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- don't directly kill viruses but prevent them from infecting
additional healthy cells
◉ Types of Interferons (IFNs)
Answer: IFN-a (alpha) and IFN-B (beta) --> induce the production of
antiviral proteins
IFN-y --> increases microbiocidal activity of macrophages
◉ Chemokines
Answer: Types of cytokines that primarily attract leukocytes to site
of inflammation
- produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
, - >40 diff kinds exist
- vast majority classified as either CC-chemokines (B-chemokines)
or CXC-chemokines (a-chemokines)
◉ Mast Cells
Answer: Are cellular bags of granules located in loose CT close to
blood vessels
- skin, digestive lining, respiratory tract
◉ Mast Cell Activation
Answer: Physical injury, chemical agents, immunological processes,
and TLRs
- Released in 2 ways: Degranulation and Synthesis
◉ Mast Cell Degranulation
Answer: Involves immediate release of histamine, chemotactic
factors, and cytokines
- Histamine --> causes temp and rapid constriction of large blood
vessels and dilation of postcapillary venules
- endothelial cells that line capillaries are retracted
◉ Mast Cell Degranulation Receptors
