NUR 376 Patho Final Exam Questions and ANSWERS with
verified ANSWERS (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
Immunodeficiency - ANSWERS✔️💫-Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign
invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - ANSWERS✔️💫-refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious
agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression - ANSWERS✔️💫-indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting
the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - ANSWERS✔️💫-an infection that was caused by a microorganism that flourished
because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - ANSWERS✔️💫-when a pt's infection is caused by
microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause
cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-antigen combines with Ig within circulation
and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to
antigen
,Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections - ANSWERS✔️💫-WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections, autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - ANSWERS✔️💫-You would look at the
differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about the % of different types of white blood
cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of inflammation /
autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia - ANSWERS✔️💫-Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure causing
edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - ANSWERS✔️💫-High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt), in
turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - ANSWERS✔️💫-The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift
from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria - ANSWERS✔️💫-excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
, (Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - ANSWERS✔️💫-Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood volume
that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERS✔️💫-the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels
or heart chamber.
Isotonic - ANSWERS✔️💫-No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal osmotic
pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk for type 2
diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - ANSWERS✔️💫-HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty, more
solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid out of the body)- Need to
give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium
chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very
little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers before the words)
Hypotonic - ANSWERS✔️💫-LOW. Lower concentration of solutes or salt then the ICF, lower osmolarity
than body fluids. Fluid drawn into cells causes the body to swell up.
Monitor- headache, mental status changes, seizures, coma
verified ANSWERS (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
Immunodeficiency - ANSWERS✔️💫-Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign
invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - ANSWERS✔️💫-refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious
agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression - ANSWERS✔️💫-indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting
the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - ANSWERS✔️💫-an infection that was caused by a microorganism that flourished
because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - ANSWERS✔️💫-when a pt's infection is caused by
microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause
cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-antigen combines with Ig within circulation
and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity - ANSWERS✔️💫-initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to
antigen
,Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections - ANSWERS✔️💫-WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections, autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - ANSWERS✔️💫-You would look at the
differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about the % of different types of white blood
cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of inflammation /
autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia - ANSWERS✔️💫-Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure causing
edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - ANSWERS✔️💫-High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt), in
turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - ANSWERS✔️💫-The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift
from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria - ANSWERS✔️💫-excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
, (Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - ANSWERS✔️💫-Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood volume
that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERS✔️💫-the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels
or heart chamber.
Isotonic - ANSWERS✔️💫-No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal osmotic
pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk for type 2
diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - ANSWERS✔️💫-HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty, more
solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid out of the body)- Need to
give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium
chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very
little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers before the words)
Hypotonic - ANSWERS✔️💫-LOW. Lower concentration of solutes or salt then the ICF, lower osmolarity
than body fluids. Fluid drawn into cells causes the body to swell up.
Monitor- headache, mental status changes, seizures, coma
