PALS TEST CERTIFICATION SCRIPT
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ What are the main structures of the urinary system?.
Answer: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, associated nerves and blood
vessels.
◍ Urinary System.
Answer: System responsible for waste excretion and fluid balance.
◍ What is the function of the renal cortex?.
Answer: Filtration of blood to form urine.
◍ Kidneys.
Answer: Organs that filter blood and produce urine.
◍ What is the role of the renal medulla?.
Answer: Collect and excrete urine.
◍ What are renal pyramids?.
Answer: Conical subdivisions within the medulla that contain tubules and
secreting portions.
◍ What do renal columns contain?.
Answer: Blood vessels and fibrous material that anchors the cortex.
◍ What is the function of the renal papilla?.
Answer: Medullary pyramids empty urine into major and minor calyces.
◍ What is the renal pelvis?.
Answer: The cavity where urine collects.
◍ What is the bladder's capacity?.
, Answer: Approximately 700-800 ml of urine.
◍ Ureters.
Answer: Tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
◍ What process allows the bladder to empty?.
Answer: Micturition or urination through muscle contractions.
◍ Urinary Bladder.
Answer: Storage organ for urine before excretion.
◍ Urethra.
Answer: Tube that carries urine out of the body.
◍ Homeostasis.
Answer: Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.
◍ Excretion.
Answer: Removal of waste products from the body.
◍ Ionic Composition Regulation.
Answer: Control of ion levels in blood via urine.
◍ Blood pH Regulation.
Answer: Adjusting H+ and HCO3− levels in blood.
◍ Blood Volume Regulation.
Answer: Controlling water retention or excretion.
◍ Blood Pressure Regulation.
Answer: Maintaining pressure via renin and RAAS.
◍ Osmolarity Maintenance.
Answer: Regulating solute concentration in blood.
◍ What are the primary functions of the urinary system?.
Answer: Ridding the body of liquid nitrogenous waste, maintaining water
balance, electrolyte balance, and acid/base balance.
◍ Hormones Production.
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ What are the main structures of the urinary system?.
Answer: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, associated nerves and blood
vessels.
◍ Urinary System.
Answer: System responsible for waste excretion and fluid balance.
◍ What is the function of the renal cortex?.
Answer: Filtration of blood to form urine.
◍ Kidneys.
Answer: Organs that filter blood and produce urine.
◍ What is the role of the renal medulla?.
Answer: Collect and excrete urine.
◍ What are renal pyramids?.
Answer: Conical subdivisions within the medulla that contain tubules and
secreting portions.
◍ What do renal columns contain?.
Answer: Blood vessels and fibrous material that anchors the cortex.
◍ What is the function of the renal papilla?.
Answer: Medullary pyramids empty urine into major and minor calyces.
◍ What is the renal pelvis?.
Answer: The cavity where urine collects.
◍ What is the bladder's capacity?.
, Answer: Approximately 700-800 ml of urine.
◍ Ureters.
Answer: Tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
◍ What process allows the bladder to empty?.
Answer: Micturition or urination through muscle contractions.
◍ Urinary Bladder.
Answer: Storage organ for urine before excretion.
◍ Urethra.
Answer: Tube that carries urine out of the body.
◍ Homeostasis.
Answer: Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.
◍ Excretion.
Answer: Removal of waste products from the body.
◍ Ionic Composition Regulation.
Answer: Control of ion levels in blood via urine.
◍ Blood pH Regulation.
Answer: Adjusting H+ and HCO3− levels in blood.
◍ Blood Volume Regulation.
Answer: Controlling water retention or excretion.
◍ Blood Pressure Regulation.
Answer: Maintaining pressure via renin and RAAS.
◍ Osmolarity Maintenance.
Answer: Regulating solute concentration in blood.
◍ What are the primary functions of the urinary system?.
Answer: Ridding the body of liquid nitrogenous waste, maintaining water
balance, electrolyte balance, and acid/base balance.
◍ Hormones Production.
