,NUR 5461 EXAM 5 – Advanced Pathophysiology (2026)
William Paterson University (WPU) – Practice
Examination
Questions 1–200
SECTION 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Genetics
(Questions 1–25)
1. A patient with hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of which type of
cellular adaptation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. In
hypertension, the left ventricle works against increased
,pressure, causing heart muscle cells (myocytes) to
enlarge as an adaptive response.
2. The hallmark of apoptosis is:
A. Cell swelling and lysis with inflammation
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and formation
of apoptotic bodies without inflammation
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death
characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation,
nuclear fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic
bodies that are phagocytosed without causing
inflammation.
3. A patient who smokes has chronic bronchial
irritation. Normal ciliated columnar epithelium is
replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This is an
example of:
, A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of
one differentiated cell type with another as an adaptive
response to chronic irritation. Smoking causes the
bronchial epithelium to change from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous.
4. A researcher studies a tissue sample from an organ
that has undergone a decrease in cell size and metabolic
activity after prolonged disuse. Which molecular
mechanism is most likely responsible for this change?
A. Increased ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of
myofibrillar proteins
B. Upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
signaling
C. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway
D. Enhanced transcription of growth-promoting genes
Answer: A
William Paterson University (WPU) – Practice
Examination
Questions 1–200
SECTION 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Genetics
(Questions 1–25)
1. A patient with hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of which type of
cellular adaptation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. In
hypertension, the left ventricle works against increased
,pressure, causing heart muscle cells (myocytes) to
enlarge as an adaptive response.
2. The hallmark of apoptosis is:
A. Cell swelling and lysis with inflammation
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and formation
of apoptotic bodies without inflammation
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death
characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation,
nuclear fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic
bodies that are phagocytosed without causing
inflammation.
3. A patient who smokes has chronic bronchial
irritation. Normal ciliated columnar epithelium is
replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This is an
example of:
, A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of
one differentiated cell type with another as an adaptive
response to chronic irritation. Smoking causes the
bronchial epithelium to change from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous.
4. A researcher studies a tissue sample from an organ
that has undergone a decrease in cell size and metabolic
activity after prolonged disuse. Which molecular
mechanism is most likely responsible for this change?
A. Increased ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of
myofibrillar proteins
B. Upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
signaling
C. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway
D. Enhanced transcription of growth-promoting genes
Answer: A
