HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
2026
What is the STH or GH hormone? - ANSWER-Growth Hormone
What is the ACTH hormone? - ANSWER-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What is the TSH hormone? - ANSWER-Thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is the FSH hormone? - ANSWER-Follicle-stimulating hormone
What is the LH hormone? - ANSWER-Luteinizing hormone
What hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary? -
ANSWER-Oxytocin (labor hormone)
ADH-Antidiuretic hormone.
What are some important endocrine glands? - ANSWER-Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries & testes)
What materials make up the blood? - ANSWER-55% plasma
45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.
,Where are all the elements in blood formed? - ANSWER-Red bone marrow.
What are erythrocytes transformed for? - ANSWER-The transport of O2.
What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes? - ANSWER-The pigmented protein
hemoglobin.
Where is respiration controlled? - ANSWER-The respiratory control center of
the medulla
What is the function of the respiratory system? - ANSWER-Supply O2 and
eliminate CO2
What is external respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
What is internal respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between blood
and the body cells.
What is the function of the passageways between the nasal cavity and the
alveoli? - ANSWER-Conduct gases to and from the lungs.
What is the function of the upper passageways? - ANSWER-Warm, filter, and
moisten incoming air.
What lines the upper respiratory tubules? - ANSWER-Cilia to help trap debris
and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.
, What occurs during inhalation? - ANSWER-The contraction of the diaphragm
to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
What occurs during exhalation? - ANSWER-The lungs recoil as the respiratory
muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.
When is oxygen released from hemoglobin? - ANSWER-As the concentration
of O2 drops in tissues
What happens to carbon dioxide in red blood cells? - ANSWER-Some is carried
in solutions or bound to proteins in the blood.
Most is converted to carbonic anhydrase
What does the changing of carbon to carbonic anyhydrase release? - ANSWER-
Hydrogen ions, which regulate blood pH
Which structures make the alimentary canal? - ANSWER-mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
What are the accessory organs of the alimentary canal? - ANSWER-Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
2026
What is the STH or GH hormone? - ANSWER-Growth Hormone
What is the ACTH hormone? - ANSWER-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What is the TSH hormone? - ANSWER-Thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is the FSH hormone? - ANSWER-Follicle-stimulating hormone
What is the LH hormone? - ANSWER-Luteinizing hormone
What hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary? -
ANSWER-Oxytocin (labor hormone)
ADH-Antidiuretic hormone.
What are some important endocrine glands? - ANSWER-Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries & testes)
What materials make up the blood? - ANSWER-55% plasma
45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.
,Where are all the elements in blood formed? - ANSWER-Red bone marrow.
What are erythrocytes transformed for? - ANSWER-The transport of O2.
What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes? - ANSWER-The pigmented protein
hemoglobin.
Where is respiration controlled? - ANSWER-The respiratory control center of
the medulla
What is the function of the respiratory system? - ANSWER-Supply O2 and
eliminate CO2
What is external respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
What is internal respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between blood
and the body cells.
What is the function of the passageways between the nasal cavity and the
alveoli? - ANSWER-Conduct gases to and from the lungs.
What is the function of the upper passageways? - ANSWER-Warm, filter, and
moisten incoming air.
What lines the upper respiratory tubules? - ANSWER-Cilia to help trap debris
and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.
, What occurs during inhalation? - ANSWER-The contraction of the diaphragm
to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
What occurs during exhalation? - ANSWER-The lungs recoil as the respiratory
muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.
When is oxygen released from hemoglobin? - ANSWER-As the concentration
of O2 drops in tissues
What happens to carbon dioxide in red blood cells? - ANSWER-Some is carried
in solutions or bound to proteins in the blood.
Most is converted to carbonic anhydrase
What does the changing of carbon to carbonic anyhydrase release? - ANSWER-
Hydrogen ions, which regulate blood pH
Which structures make the alimentary canal? - ANSWER-mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
What are the accessory organs of the alimentary canal? - ANSWER-Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
