State Exam Nursing New Zealand Test bank – Nursing Council of New Zealand (NCNZ) State Examination – 2026/2027 Edition – Verified Questions and Answers

State Exam Nursing New Zealand Test bank – Nursing Council of New Zealand (NCNZ) State Examination – 2026/2027 Edition – Verified Questions and Answers Q: What is the Nursing Council of New Zealand? Answer The regulatory authority responsible for the registration of nurses whose primary function is to protect the health and safety of members of the public by ensuring that nurses are competent and fit to practice Q: Where is the Nursing Council of New Zealand's role and responsibilities outlined? Answer In the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 Q: What is the role/scope of practice for an enrolled nurse? Answer To practice under the direction and delegation of a registered nurse or nurse practitioner to deliver nursing care and health education across the lifespan to health consumers in community, residential, or hospital settings Q: What is the role/scope of practice of an registered nurse? Answer To use nursing knowledge and complex nursing judgement to assess health needs, provide health care, and advise and support people to manage their health. They practice independently and in collaboration with other health professionals, perform general nursing functions, and delegate to and direct enrolled nurses, health care assistants, and others. They provide comprehensive assessments to develop, implement, and evaluate an integrated plan of health care and provide interventions that require substantial scientific and professional knowledge, skills, and clinical decision-making. This occurs in a range of settings in partnership with individuals, families, whanau, and communities Q: What is the definition of delegation? Answer The transfer of responsibility for the performance of an activity from one person to another, with the former retaining accountability for the outcome Q: What is the definition of direction? Answer The active process of guiding, monitoring, and evaluating the nursing activities performed by another. Direction is provided when the registered nurse is present and observes, works with, and directs the person; it is when the registered nurse works in the same facility or organisation as the supervised person but does not constantly observe them. The registered nurse must always be available on the premises or contactable by telephone (in the community setting) Q: What is the first principle of delegation to an enrolled nurse? Answer The decision to delegate is a professional judgement made by a registered nurse and should consider a. the health status of the consumer b. the complexity of the nursing intervention required c. the context of care and d. the level of knowledge, skill and experience of the enrolled nurse Q: What is principle two of delegation to an enrolled nurse? Answer The decision to delegate must be consistent with the service providers policies Q: What is principle three of delegation to an enrolled nurse? Answer The registered nurse must ensure the enrolled nurse understands the nursing interventions required and knows when to ask for assistance and when to report back to the registered nurse Q: What is principle four of delegation to an enrolled nurse? Answer The registered nurse is responsible for monitoring and evaluating the outcomes of delegated nursing care Q: What is the Code of Conduct for nurses? Answer The code advises and tells the public what they can expect of a nurse in terms of the professional role. It also provies a yardstick for evaluating the conduct of nurses Q: What four core values is the Code of Conduct framed around? Answer Respect, trust, partnership, and integrity Q: How many principles are in the Code of Conduct? Answer 8 Q: What is the first principle of the Code of Conduct? Answer Respect the dignity and individuality of health consumers Q: What is principle two of the Code of Conduct? Answer Respect the cultural needs and values of health consumers Q: What is principle three of the Code of Conduct? Answer Work in partnership with health consumers to promote and protect their wellbeing Q: What is principle four of the Code of Conduct? Answer Maintain health consumers trust by providing safe and competent care Q: What is principle five of the Code of Conduct? Answer Respect health consumers privacy and confidentiality Q: What is principle six of the Code of Conduct? Answer Work respectfully with colleagues to best meet health consumers needs Q: What is principle seven of the Code of Conduct? Answer Act with integrity to justify health consumers trust Q: What is principle eight of the Code of Conduct? Answer Maintain public trust and confidence in the nursing profession Q: What is the Health and Disability Commissioner? Answer They are responsible for promoting and protecting the rights of health and disability service consumers, and facilitating the fair, simple, speedy, and efficient resolution of complaints. Q: What is the the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights 1996 Answer Every person has rights when receiving health/disability services and for these to be enforced. The code sets out 10 rights, each imposing a corresponding legal duty of care on health providers. Sometimes referred to as the "Code of Consumer Rights". Q: What is the Health & Disability Commissioner Act 1994 Answer This Act protects and promotes the rights of the consumer and facilitates fair, simple, timely and efficient resolutions of complaints. The Act mandates and regulates what people's rights are when receiving treatment through health and disability services. Q: What is the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 (HPCA) Answer This Act protects the Health and Safety of the members of the public by providing mechanisms to ensure that health practitioners are competent and fit to practice their professions. There are councils that become responsible for professionals under their mandate. Health professionals administering medication must do so within their scope of practice and must be certified as competent to practice. Q: What is the Health Act 1956? Answer It gives the Ministry of Health the function of improving, promoting and protecting public health. It gives specific provisions in section 22 governing the disclosure of health information about identifiable individuals by and between health service providers and other agencies with statutory functions. What is the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000? Answer It introduced a major change to the public funding and provision of personal health services, public health services, and disability support services. It established new publicly funded owned health and disability organisations, such as District Health Boards and the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (Pharmac) What is one of the objectives of the New Zealand Public Health & Disability Act 2000? Answer To facilitate access to, and the dissemination of information to deliver, appropriate, effective, and timely services What is the Privacy Act 1993? Answer This Act oversees how agencies collect, use, disclose, store, destroy and give access to personal information, applying to public and private sector agencies. The Health Information Privacy Code has a set of 12 principles that guides & regulates the management of health information What is the Health Information Privacy Code 1994? A code of practice issued by the Privacy Commissioner under section 32 of the Privacy Act which gives extra protection to health information because of its sensitivity. It covers all health agencies, and protects all personal health information relating to an identifiable individual What does Medsafe stand for? NZ medicines and medical devices safety authority What is Medsafe? The medical regulatory body run by the NZ MoH, administering the Medicines Act 1981 and Medicines Regulations 1984. They are responsible for the regulation of therapeutic products (medicines and medical devices) in NZ. They carry out a risk-benefit analysis & quality assurance. What is the Medicines Act 1981? It regulates medicines, related products, or medical devices in NZ. This act ensures that medicines and products that are used in NZ are safe & efficient. It sets out requirements for the approval, classification, manufacture, sale, distribution, advertising, prescribing & dispensing of medicines What is the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1977? It specifies the restrictions on controlled drug prescribing, along with their storage and documentation requirements What does the Maori value of rangatiratanga mean? That Māori have the right to self-determination and the right to determine their own destiny What does the Maori value of manaakitanga mean? The way in which we make people feel welcome when they are in our company and ensure their mana is maintained What does the Maori value of tika mean? It describes human rights and can be associated with the importance of truth, correctness, directness, justice, fairness, & rights What does the Maori value of whanungatanga mean? The process of establishing relationships, which enables connections between past and present to be made What does the Maori value of wairuatanga mean? Understanding and believing there is a spiritual existence in addition to the physical What does the Maori value of kotahitanga mean? Unity, togetherness, solidarity and collective action What does the Maori value of Kaitiakitanga mean? Guardianship or stewardship What is the ethical principle of autonomy? Individuals have the right to self-determination What is the ethical principle of beneficene? The performing of actions leading to outcomes that now, or in the future, would be regarded as worthwhile; the concept of doing good What is the ethical principle of non-maleficene? The avoidance of harm, the prevention of future harm, and minimising harm in situations where it is unavoidable What is the ethical principle of justice? The assumption that society has a responsibility to treat people fairly What is the ethical principle of confidentiality? The privacy of written or spoken information, or of observed body language, acquired through privileged access What is the ethical principle of veracity? When actions, speech and behaviour ensure communications between individuals and/or groups are honest & truthful What is the ethical principle of fidelity? The obligation to remain faithful to one's commitment to others, particularly promises and when information is given in confidence What is the ethical principle of guardianship of the environment and its resources? That society has a responsibility to respect & protect the environment and its resources What is the ethical principle of being professional? The belief that nursing is a profession with a defined purpose. There is a duty to provide health related case for those members of society in need What is Nursing Council of New Zealand's definition of cultural safety? The effective nursing practice of a person or family member from another culture and is determined by that person or family. Culture includes, but is not restricted to, age, generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation and socioeconomic status, ethnic origin, or migrant experience, religious or spiritual belief, and disability How many cultural safety principles are there? 4 What is principle one of cultural safety? Cultural safety aims to improve the health status of New Zealanders and applies to all relationships What is principle two of cultural safety? Cultural safety aims to enhance the delivery of health and disability services through a culturally safe nursing workforce What is principle three of cultural safety? Cultural safety is broad in its application What is principle four of cultural safety? Cultural safety has a close focus on... What happened in 1975 in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi? The Court of Appeal decided that both versions of the Treaty of Waitangi were legal. Thus, the Māori version must also be considered by the Council and by nursing education What are the three key Treaty principles in the health sector? Partnership, participation, and protection What is principle one of the Treaty of Waitangi? Tino rangatiratanga What does the principle of Tino rangatiratanga mean? Tino rangatiratanga enables Māori self-determination over health, recognises the right to manage Māori interests, and affirms the right to development What is principle two of the Treaty of Waitangi? Partnership What does the principle of partnership mean? Partnership involves nurses working together with Māori with the mutual aim of improving health outcomes for Māori What is principle three of the Treaty of Waitangi? Active protection What does the principle of active protection mean? The nursing workforce recognizes that health is a taonga and acts to protect it What is principle four of the Treaty of Waitangi? Equity What does the principle of equity mean? The nursing workforce recognizes the citizen rights of Māori and the rights to equitable access and participation in health services and delivery at all levels How does Maori health relate to nursing practice? Nursing has a responsibility to respond to Māori health issues by improving the delivery of nursing services to Māori to ensure that they are responsive to and acknowledge and respect the diversity of world views that may exist between Māori consumers of health services What is principle one of Maori health and nursing practice? Māori health, and the inequalities and disparities in health status that exist, can be understood by What is principle two of Maori health and nursing practice? The effectiveness of nursing education and practice in responding to Māori health issues can be optimised when partnerships are developed with local Māori by What is principle three of Maori health and nursing practice? Māori health occurs within a socio-political context and is a complex interaction with multiple dimensions, extending beyond the physical being and medical diagnoses, which What is principle four of Maori health and nursing practice? Nursing has a social mandate to enhance the delivery of health and disability services to Māori and achieve positive health outcomes and gains through What is the purpose of the New Zealand Healthcare Strategy? To set the medium and long-term direction for health and identify priority areas for change to increase health outcomes What is the vision of the New Zealand Healthcare Strategy? To achieve Pae Ora (healthy futures) for all New Zealanders What is the New Zealand Healthcare Strategies commitment to Te Tiriti o Waitangi? To fulfil the special relationship between Māori and the crown under Te Tiriti o Waitangi What are the two overarching long-term goals of the New Zealand Healthcare Strategy? 1) to achieve health equity for our diverse communities, and especially for Māori, pacific, disabled and other groups who currently have poorer outcomes 2) to improve health outcomes for all New Zealanders How many strategic priorities does the New Zealand Healthcare Strategy have? Six What are the strategic priorities for the New Zealand Healthcare Strategy? Voice at the heart, valuing the workforce, a learning culture, partnerships for health & wellbeing, a resilient and sustainable system, and flexible, appropriate care. What is involved under each strategic priority in the New Zealand Healthcare Strategy? 10-year ambitions for the changes that are needed in each priority area, to direct efforts on the actions that will have the greatest impact on our goals What is a social determinant of health? The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, which are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels What are social determinants of health mostly responsible for ? Health inequities What are examples of social determinants of health? social support, education, employment, physical environment, health practices, gender, and culture What is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion? An international agreement signed at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, organised by the WHO and held in Ottawa, Canada, in November 1986. It is used in NZ as a framework for planning public health How does the Ottawa Charter define 'health promotion'? The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health How many key action areas does the Ottawa Charter have? Five What are the five key action areas of the Ottawa Charter? Building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services How many key strategies does the Ottawa Charter have? Three What are the three key strategies of the Ottawa Charter? Advocate, mediate, and enable According to the Ottawa Charter, what are the fundamental conditions and resources for health? Shelter, education, income, peace, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity, and food. What is the International Classification for Functioning (ICF)? A framework for describing and organising information on functioning and disability. Its a multipurpose classification system designed to serve various disciplines, sectors, and across different countries and cultures. It provides a standard language and a conceptual basis for the definition & measurement of health & disability How many domains does the International Classification for Functioning have? Four What are the four domains of the International Classification for Functioning? Body function, activities and participation, body structure, and environmental factors What is a long-term condition (LTC)? Any ongoing, long-term, or recurring conditions that can have a significant impact on people's lives What is self-management? Any way in which a person with a LTC manages their condition themselves. It's a continuum of learning experiences and opportunities, where a person with a LTC and their family work in collaboration with health professionals. It's about enabling people with LTCs to make informed choices, to adapt new perspectives and generic skills that can be applied to new problems as they arise, to practice new health behaviours and to maintain or regain emotional stability What are healthcare priorities for self-management support? Patient centred, psychological support, cultural relevance and systematic follow up What is advocacy? Any action that speaks in favour of, recommends, argues for a cause, supports, or defends, or pleads on behalf of others. It uses both direct and indirect actions with the intention to influence policy, resource allocation and decision making within political and social systems What school year is relationship and sexuality education compulsory until? Year 10 How can parents or caregivers withdraw their child from relationship and sexuality education in school? By writing to the principle What strand of the curriculum does relationship and sexuality education sit within? Health and Physical Education What must a schools Board of Trustees do every two years regarding relationship and sexuality education? Consult with their community about their Sexuality Education Policy, and the content of the schools programmes What is chlamydia? A common STI that often does not have symptoms, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis How can you get chlamydia? By having unprotected vaginal, anal, and oral sex How is chlamydia treated? With antibiotics, usually a one off dose What can happen if chalmydia is left untreated in woman? It can infect the cervix and spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy and infertility What are genital warts? An STI that is caused by the human papillomavirus that results in warts and small lumps in and around the genital area What is human papillomavirus (HPV)? A group of common sexually transmitted viruses. There are many types of HPV, some high-risk types cause cellular changes; low risk types infect the genital area and cause warts How is genital warts (HPV) transmitted? Direct skin on skin contact with someone who has HPV during sexual contact or by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex. In rare cases, the virus can be passed on to a baby when a woman with HPV gives birth What is the treatment for genital warts (HPV)? Treatment removes the warts, but doesn't get rid of the virus. The warts may appear again in the future. Treatment is optional as most genital warts will clear up over time, but they can be uncomfortable & unsightly. Treatments available include cryotherapy, creams or liquids, laser treatment and surgery How can you prevent HPV? By vaccination. It's important to complete the vaccine course before becoming sexually active. Condoms helps prevent the spread of the virus What are genital herpes? A common STI caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) How many New Zealanders are infected with HSV? 1 in 5 What is HSV-1? Cold sores around the mouth What is HSV-2? The usual cause of infection around the genital or anal area What are generalised symptoms of HSV? Itching, tingling, burning or pain, painful red spots/sores that change to clear fluid filled blisters, redness, or a rash around the genital area, swelling of the genital area, painful urination, flu like symptoms, vaginal discharge How is HSV transmitted? Skin to skin contact, vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has either of the viruses What is the treatment for HSV? An antiviral drug that helps reduce the number of outbreaks and speeds up the healing process, however, it does not get rid of the virus What is gonorrhea? An STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae How is gonorrhea transmitted? Through skin to skin contact during sex. You can get gonorrhoea of the throat and anus by having oral or anal sex with someone who has the infection How is gonorrhea treated? By completing a full course of antibiotics What are the effects of gonorrhoea if left untreated? Pelvic inflammatory disease, risk of ectopic pregnancy, infertility and sterility in men What is syphilis? An STI that is a bacterial infection How is syphilis transmitted? Through sexual contact with an infected person What are the different stages of syphilis called? Primary, Secondary, and late (tertiary) What is the primary stage of syphilis? The first sign is a sore or ulcer at the site of infection. The sore may be painless and hidden from view so may not be noticed. The sore usually appears after ~3 weeks after infection and can last 3-6 weeks before healing. It will heal without treatment, however, without treatment the person remains infectious What is the secondary stage of syphilis? If untreated it progresses to secondary syphilis. Symptoms include rashes, often with red or brownish spots on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, swollen lymph glands, fever, hair loss, muscle and joint aches, headaches, tiredness, and warty growths in skin folds, especially in genital or anal areas. Symptoms can happen whilst the sore is healing or several weeks after. Symptoms can last up to 6 months and will disappear without treatment, however the person will remain infectious and the syphilis may progress What is the late (tertiary) stage of syphilis? If untreated, a small number of people will get late syphilis after initial infection. This can cause damage to the heart, brain, nerves, eye, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints. Untreated syphilis increases the risk of getting HIV. People with late syphilis are not infectious to sexual contacts How is syphilis diagnosed? With a blood test. It may not pick up the early stages of infection and repeat tests may be needed How is syphilis treated? With antibiotic injections. The length of treatment depends on the stage of infection What is hepatitis A? An infectious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus, more common in developing countries Describe the symptoms for hepatitis A Symptoms take 15-50 days to develop. Early symptoms can be mistaken for the flu. Other symptoms include fever, jaundice, anorexia (loss of appetite), nausea, abdominal discomfort, malaise, dark urine What is the treatment for hepatitis A? There is no specific treatment. Rest and protect your liver by avoiding alcohol and reviewing medications with your doctor How can you prevent hepatitis A? By getting immunised if planning to travel and ensuring food safety How is hepatitis A transmitted? By contact with the feces of an infected person. It can be passed on through poor personal hygiene, contaminated food, and close personal contact What is the most infectious period for hepatitis A? Usually from 2 weeks before jaundice starts until 1 week after How many days does it take for symptoms of hepatitis A to develop once infected? 15-50 days What is hepatitis B? A blood borne DNA virus that attacks and damages the liver How is hepatitis B transmitted? By close contact with blood or other body fluids of an infected person Describe the symptoms for hepatitis B Symptoms appear 6 weeks to 6 months after infection. Symptoms include nausea, tiredness, dark urine, pale bowel motions, joint and muscle pain, and jaundice. What is the treatment for hepatitis B? There is no specific treatment. Rest and protect your liver by avoiding alcohol and reviewing medications with your doctor How is hepatitis B prevented? In NZ there is a free vaccination in childhood, covered in the NZ immunisation schedule. What is hepatitis C? A blood borne virus that affects your liver and can cause liver disease and liver cancer Describe the symptoms of hepatitis C There are often no symptoms until significant liver damage occurs. Symptoms include unusual tiredness, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain How is diagnosis of hepatitis C confirmed? With a blood test What is the treatment for hepatitis C? Antiviral treatments available from pharmacies and in some without a prescription How is hepatitis C prevented? Don't share drug needles or other injecting gear, don't donate blood if a carrier, don't share toothbrushes or razors. Use sterile equipment. How is hepatitis C transmitted? Through body fluids, primarily blood What is trichomoniasis? An STI caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis How is trichomoniasis transmitted? Through contact with genital fluids from the penis or vagina of someone who has the infection Describe the symptoms of trichomoniasis Some get symptoms within 5-28 days of infection, but others not until later. Symptoms include pain, burning, itching in the genital area, pain or discomfort when urinating, having sex, or ejaculation in men, unusual discharge, a bad odor in the genital area, and swelling or redness around the head of the penis. You can still pass trichomoniasis on even when you don't have symptoms How is trichomoniasis diagnosed? A swab will be taken from the vagina, for men a urine test or swab may be done depending on symptoms How is trichomoniasis treated? With antibiotics (metronidazole) with either a single dose or as a 1-week course What are complications of trichomoniasis? Usually there are no complications unless left untreated. It can increase the risk of other STIs such as HIV, and cause infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and prostatitis What are pubic lice? Lice that use tiny claws to hand onto hair strands and survive on human blood How are pubic lice transmitted? By direct skin to skin contact, most commonly occurring during sexual contact. Less commonly when in contact with towels, bedding and clothing of someone infected Describe the symptoms of pubic lice Itching in and around pubic hair, faint blue spots in the genital area, skin irritation and redness caused by scratching, dark brown specks of old blood in your underwear, lice and eggs may be seen in pubic hair, red eyes (if infected eyelashes). Some have no symptoms but can still spread the parasite to other people How is pubic lice diagnosed? By a doctor looking at the affected area for signs and symptoms How is pubic lice treated? At home by applying creams, lotion, or shampoo containing permethrin to the affected area that is available in pharmacies. Treatment is applied, then washed off after 12hrs. A 2nd treatment is needed after 7 days What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)? A virus that damages the immune system How is HIV transmitted? Through unprotected sex and contact with infected blood How can you get tested for HIV? Through a blood test Describe the symptoms of HIV Most get flu like symptoms a few weeks after being infected with HIV, but these symptoms are often missed. 10-12 years after getting infected, people with HIV who aren't on treatments often get illnesses such as pneumonia and cancer because their immune system is weakened How is HIV treated? With antiretroviral drugs. Your doctor will normally prescribe a combination of antiretroviral drugs to stop the virus damaging the immune system. You'll probably need to keep taking the drugs for the rest of your life What happens if one is not on treatment for their HIV? HIV weakens the immune system so the body is no longer able to protect itself against infections and diseases, such as pneumonia and cancers, that a normal immune system would fight off. When a person has HIV and one or more of these infections or cancers, they are said to have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? The end stage of the HIV infection. At this point, the virus has attacked and weakened a person's immune system How is HIV prevented? Through safe sex and injecting behaviour, HIV testing in pregnancy, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (for those at risk). When is STI self-testing an option? When you don't have any symptoms and only want to be tested for chlamydia & gonorrhoea. Does STI testing cost in NZ? You can get free STI checks if you are a NZ resident under 22 from family planning, of if you have a community services card you can access STI tests for $5 What is the combined oral contraceptive (COC)? A combination of progesterone & estrogen with estrogen being the dominant action What is the action of the combined oral contraceptive (COC)? It is an agonist which means it inhibits a response by stopping the ovaries from releasing an egg How many 'active' and 'placebo' tablets are there per strip for the combined oral contraceptive (COC)? There are usually 21 active and 7 placebo tablets per strip What is the mechanism of action of the combined oral contraceptive (COC)? Inhibit ovulation, alter cervical mucus secretion to create a sperm barrier, and alter endometrial lining to prevent implantation Is the combined oral contraceptive (COC) more or less popular than the progesterone only preparation? More popular What is the missed pill window for the combined oral contraceptive (COC)? 24 hours Does the combined oral contraceptive (COC) help with menstrual cycle regulation? Yes Can the combined oral contraceptive (COC) be used postpartum? It is contraindicated less than 3 weeks or 6 weeks if breastfeeding due to risk of thromboembolism Does the progesterone only preparation (POP) have placebo tablets? No What is the mechanism of action of the progesterone only preparation (POP)? To alter cervical mucus secretion to create a sperm barrier, inhibit ovulation (60% of cycles), and alter endometrial lining to prevent implantation What is the missed pill window for the progesterone only preparation (POP)? 2-3 hours Does the progesterone only preparation (POP) help with menstrual cycle regulation? No Can the progesterone only preparation (POP) be used postpartum? Yes, it can be started immediately What is the Depo-Provera injection? An injectable hormone method of birth control given every 3 months How does the Depo-Prover injection work? By releasesing progesterone, a hormone which acts to stop the release of an egg from the ovary What are some side effects of the Depo-Provera injection? Weight gain, irregular bleeding, losing your period What is a contraceptive implant? A small rod inserted under the skin which continuously releases the hormone progesterone How many contraceptive implants are available in NZ? Two What is the Janelle contraceptive implant? An implant with 2 small rods that releases a progesterone, called levonorgestrel, it remains for 5 years, and it subsidised by the government What is the Implanon contraceptive implant? An implant with 1 rod that releases a progesterone, called 3-keto-desogestrel. It can remain in place for 3 years, and is not subsidised by the government Where is the contraceptive implant inserted? Usually above the elbow on the inner aspect of the upper arm How is the contraceptive implant removed? Through a small incision when no longer needed What are condoms? A latex rubber sheath that is rolled onto the erect penis just before sex and removed before the penis has had time to relax A part from contraception, what else do condoms protect against? STIs What is an intrauterine device (IUD)? A small device which is inserted by a doctor to fit inside the uterus (womb) What is the copper-bearing IUD? A plastic IUD with copper wound around the stem. It has fine threads which can be felt protruding from the cervix When can the copper-bearing IUD be fitted? At any time, including during surgical termination or within a week of medical termination How long can the copper-bearing IUD be left in place for? 5-10 years depending on the type of device What is a side effect of the copper-bearing IUD? Heavier than normal periods What is the Mirena IUD? A hormone-releasing IUD with a special membrane which releases small amounts of progesterone, a hormone affecting the lining of the womb making it rare for a fertilised egg to implant. What can the Mirena IUD help with? Woman who are anaemic through heavy menstrual bleeding and those with menopausal symptoms How long can the Mirena IUD be left in place for? 5 years What is a side effect of the Mirena IUD? Losing your period What is abortion? Termination of pregnancy What happens if a health practitioner has a conscientious objection to abortion? They can decline to discuss, provide, or assist with an abortion. They must tell you at the earliest opportunity and tell you how to access the contact details of the closest health practitioner who can provide the service. If it's a medical emergency, they must help you Do abortions cost in NZ? They are free for most NZ citizens and residents How many methods of abortion are used in NZ? Two What does a medical abortion involve? Taking pills to end a pregnancy What does a surgical abortion involve? A minor surgical operation What does the type of abortion used depend on? How far along you are, medical history and access to support and emergency medical care Who can provide abortions in NZ? Doctors, midwives, and some nurses When may a health practitioner need to consult another before carrying out an abortion? If more than 20 weeks pregnant, however the second health practitioner does not need to agree What does the health practitioner consider if carrying out an abortion at 20 weeks or more? Your physical and mental health, overall wellbeing and the gestational age of the foetus What is the cervix? The lower part of the uterus, at the top of the vagina What does cervical screening mainly test for? Human papillomavirus (HPV) What is a cervical smear test? Where a cervical sample is taken What is cervical cancer caused by? Certain types of HPV What happens if HPV is found in your sample from cervical screening? You will be checked to see if there are any cell changes in your cervix If between 25-69 years of age, how often should you get HPV screening done? Every 5 years What is the purpose of cervical screening? To find early warning signs before they become cancer What is chicken pox? A contagious viral infection Describe the symptoms of chicken pox Small blisters like a rash on the skin, tiredness, fever and general aches and pains What are the complications of chicken pox? Pneumonia, problems with the kidneys, heart, joints, or nervous system How long does chicken pox take to go away? Between 3-7 days for adults and 5-10 days for children How is chicken pox transmitted? Through the air by infected people when they sneeze or cough, and by touching the chickenpox blisters then touching objects or other people How long does chicken pox take to start after being exposed? 10-21 days When should you see a doctor if you have chicken pox? If the blisters become infected or serious complications occur such as a high fever, severe headache, sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, sleepiness, difficulty waking or unconsciousness, and convulsions What are the effects of chicken pox in pregnancy? Poor growth of the baby or even stillbirth. It can also spread to the baby during birth How long is chicken pox contagious? From 1-2 days before the blisters appear. Avoid close contact with other people and isolate from others for 1 week from the appearance of the rash until all blisters have dried What is the treatment for chicken pox? Lukewarm bath, applying soothing cream, cool compress, antihistamines, trim fingernails, pain relief for headaches, fever, and general aches & pains. how to prevent chicken pox? Through the varicella vaccine What is hand, foot, and mouth disease? A virus viral caused by Coxsackie virus producing sores on hands, feet and in mouth Who is hand, foot, and mouth disease most common in? Children under 10 Describe the symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease? Painful red blisters on the tongue, mouth, palms of the hands, or soles of the feet, loss of appetite, sore throat and mouth, and a general feeling of weakness and tiredness What are the effects of hand, foot, and mouth disease in pregnancy? Risk of complications in pregnancy is low. If you catch the virus shortly before birth, the infection can be passed onto the baby. Most babies born with hand; foot and mouth have only mild symptoms. In very rare cases during pregnancy, it can result in miscarriage or affect the baby's development How many days after exposure do symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease start? 3-5 days How is hand, foot and mouth disease transmitted? By coughing or sneezing or contact with mucus, saliva, blisters, or bowel movements of an infected person How long does hand, foot, and mouth disease usually last? 3-7 days What is the recommended treatment for hand, foot, and mouth disease? The only recommended medicine is paracetamol and plenty of fluids recommended to prevent dehydration. Most blisters disappear without causing problems How long are children contagious for with hand, foot, and mouth disease? For 7-10 days How long should you isolate for with hand, foot and mouth disease? Until the blisters have dried What are head lice? Small parasitic insects that live in the scalp hair and lay their eggs in strands of hair How are head lice spread? They are spread by crawling from one person's hair to another, usually between people who are in close contact, such as family or school classmates What should you do if you have head lice? Stay away from school until treatment has started. Chemical treatments or wet combing are the usual treatment. Always do a second treatment 7-10 days after the first What is a sign of head lice? Scratching, scratch marks, or a rash What are measles? A highly contagious virus Describe the symptoms of measles First symptoms are a fever, cough, runny nose, and sore and watery 'pink' eyes. Next symptoms are a blotchy rash which tends to start on the face, behind the ears, before moving down the body, lasting for up to a week Who should you notify if you have measles? Your GP or health line How long should you isolate if you have measles? For 4 days after the rash develops What risk does measles have on those who are pregnant? It can increase the risk of miscarriage, premature labour, and low birth-weight babies. What are complications of measles? Ear infections, diarrhea, pneumonia, swelling of the brain, weakened immune system How is measles transmitted? It is an airborne virus spread through the air and respiratory droplets How can measles be prevented? By the MMR vaccination What is the treatment for measles? There is no specific treatment for measles. You can relieve symptoms by taking paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve fever and aches, drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration What is ringworm? A contagious fungal infection How is ringworm transmitted? Spread through direct contact, with a person or animal with ringworm, and touching contaminated objects How is ringworm treated? With antifungal medications, or creams Describe the symptoms of ringworm Red, flat, ring-shaped infection on the skin that is usually dry and itchy, ringworm on the scalp can cause round, painful red patches and make hair fall out When should you see your doctor with ringworm? If it is on the scalp or symptoms worsen e.g., fever, swelling, warm or leaking fluid How can you prevent ringworm? Avoid contact with infected people and animals, hand hygiene, dry moist areas of the body well, don't share brushes, clothes, or towels with infected people, don't walk in bare feet on damp floors What is rubella? Also known as German measles, it is a viral infection caused by toga virus What are the effects of rubella in a pregnant women? It can lead to birth defects in the unborn baby How is rubella transmitted? It's spread through the air by breathing, coughing and sneezing How many days does it take to show symptoms once infected with rubella? 14-23 days What is rubellas infections period? 7 days before the rash appears until 7 days after What are the rubella symptoms in a child? A rash on the face, scalp, and body, fever, and swollen glands What are the rubella symptoms in a teenager/adult? There is usually 1-5 days of malaise, fever, runny nose and cough. Followed by a rash on the face, scalp, and body, swollen glands, and joint pain What are the treatments for rubella? There are no specific treatments, symptoms usually go away after a few days. Have plenty of rest, use pain relief to reduce pain/discomfort, and drink lots of fluids to ease symptoms How can you prevent rubella? By the MMR vaccination What is scabies? A skin infection caused by tiny mites that burrow under the skin, causing an itchy rash How is scabies transmitted? By skin to skin contact, and sharing clothing and bedding How is scabies treated? With a cream or lotion. It must be treated otherwise it will not go away. Wash all clothing and linens Describe the symptoms of scabies A rash that looks like small blisters surrounded by red patches. It can develop on any parts of the body, children often get a rash all over their body, adults generally don't get a rash on their head or neck What are the complications of scabies? Skin infections due to scratching and scarring When should you see your doctor with scabies? If the rash has not gone away after 4 weeks of treatment How long should you isolate with scabies? For at least one day after treatment with the cream What is impetigo? A bacterial skin infection also called school sores Describe the symptoms of impetigo Blisters often on the face, but they can be anywhere on the body where the skin has been damaged in some way. The blister bursts and the watery stuff from the blister dries and makes a yellow crust. Other blisters appear around it, and it can be very itchy. When the scab dries up, it will fall off and the skin underneath will look normal after a few days How is impetigo transmitted? Through direct or indirect contact How is impetigo treated? Antiseptic cream, antibiotics, or both How long does impetigo take to heal? A few days after starting treatment How do you get the crusty bits off with impetigo? Wash the sores gently with warm water and a soft cloth and the crust will come away when its ready How can you prevent impetigo from spreading? Cover the sores with a watertight dressing to prevent the infected fluid and crusts from spreading. Good hand hygiene. Keep your child home from school until one day after the start of treatment When should you go to the doctor with impetigo? If the sores last more than a week, become red or swollen, have pus in them, or your child has a fever How can you reduce the risk of impetigo? Take daily baths or showers, good hygiene, put used tissues and dressings in a bin with a lid, cut fingernails and keep them clean, thoroughly wash grazes or cuts What is human parvovirus? A common childhood illness also called slapped cheek How is Human Parvovirus transmitted? It is passed on in droplets from the respiratory tract of an infected person, mainly by close contact, coughing and sneezing How long does it take for symptoms to appear once infected with human parvovirus? 4-20 days What is the infectious period of human parvovirus? 5-6 days before symptoms first appear, with the infectious period stopping once the rash appears What are the symptoms of human parvovirus in children? A low grade fever, chills, headache, body ache, sore throat, and diarrhoea. After 3-7 days symptoms improve and a rash develops. This starts with firm, bright red cheeks that are burning hot. A fine, red, lace-like rash then develops on the child's body, arms and legs. The rash may be itchy and seem to fade and then flare up when the child is hot or upset How long does the rash last for in human parvovirus? 2-6 weeks What are the symptoms of human parvovirus in adults? Adults are less likely to have a rash but may suffer from painful, swollen joints, especially in the hands and feet How long does the joint pain in adults last for in human parvovirus? Usually 1-2 weeks, but in sever cases up to 6 What is the treatment for human parvovirus? No specific treatment but to keep your child comfortable, allow plenty of rest, give paracetamol for fever, use cold cloths to relieve discomfort of hot cheeks, ensure plenty of water How can you prevent the spread of human parvovirus? Washing hands frequently, cover your nose and mouth when coughing/sneezing, don't share food, eating utensils and drink bottles. Avoiding contact with people who have low immunity Describe the symptoms of campylobacter Abdominal pain, nausea, fever, watery diarrhea and sometimes bloody stools What is the incubation period for campylobacter? Usually 2-5 days, ranging from 1-10 days How is campylobacter transmitted? Most often by ingestion of contaminated food, typically poultry or unpasteurised milk. Cross contamination from raw meat to other foodstuffs may occur. In NZ the consumption of fecally contaminated water and direct contact with farm or domestic animals are common routes or transmission How is campylobacter treated? Most recover without needing any medication. You should drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. You should eat as able When should you return to work/school after a campylobacter infection? After 24 hours symptom free, however check with your doctor first How can you prevent campylobacter? Good hygiene and careful food preparation What is cryptosporidium? A parasite found in the gut of infected people and animals How is cryptosporidium transmitted? By drinking contaminated water or touching your mouth with contaminated hands. Those infected pass on the parasites in their feces. The parasites can contaminate soil, food/water, or surfaces. The parasites can live in the environment for long periods Describe the symptoms of cryptosporidium Foul smelling or watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps or pain, lack of appetite, weight loss, bloating, nausea and vomiting, slight fever, fatigue, flatulence, and headache What is the incubation period for cryptosporidium? 1-12 days (usually 7) How long is one usually ill for with cryptosporidium? 2 weeks How long is one infectious for with cryptosporidium? Several weeks after your symptoms have gone What is the treatment for cryptosporidium? Seek advice from your doctor, drink plenty of water, and stay away from work/school for 2 days after symptoms have gone How can you prevent cryptosporidium? Washing hands, general cleaning, safe drinking water, avoid swimming, don't share bathwater What is Giardia? A food and water borne disease caused by a parasite found in the gut of infected humans and animals How is Giardia transmitted? Through the feces of infected humans and animals. People become infected when they swallow parasites. You get giardia from consuming contaminated food/water, being in close contact with infected animals/people, and swallowing water that contains the parasite while swimming How long should a child with Giardia stay off school? At least 48 hours after diarrhoea has stopped Describe the symptoms of Giardia Diarrhoea, stomach cramps, bloating, nausea and pale greasy stools, fatigue, and if symptoms persist weight loss What is the incubation period for Giardia? 3-5 days What is the treatment for Giardia? Most people will get better without treatment. Drink plenty of water. Some may need prescription drugs such as the antimicrobial metronidazole or amoebicide tinidazole How can you prevent Giardia? Washing hand, and do not drink untreated water What is salmonella? A bacterial infection mainly occurring in the gut How long do symptoms of salmonella take to appear? 12-72 hours Describe the symptoms of salmonella Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting How long does salmonella usually last? 4-7 days, in severe cases up to 10 How is salmonella treated? Most get better without medical help, drinking lots of fluids and resting is normally all that's needed When should you contact a doctor with salmonella? If symptoms get severe such as bloody diarrhoea or severe dehydration, or you are still sick after more than 7 days How is salmonella transmitted? By bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions. Or contact with infected people How can you prevent salmonella? Properly cook food, ensure fruit and vegetables are carefully washed. Wash hands thoroughly What us norovirus? A group of viruses causing stomach or intestinal infection How is norovirus transmitted? By the fecal-oral route. Infection is by consuming contaminated food or drinks, touching contaminated surfaces/objects then putting fingers in your mouth, direct contact with an infected person, through the air (when vomiting sends tiny particles into the air) How long are those with norovirus infectious for? At least 3 days after the symptoms stop and occasionally up to 2 weeks How long does it take to get sick once infected with norovirus? 1-2 days Describe the symptoms of norovirus Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, stomach cramps, headache, low grade fever, chills, muscle aches When should you see a doctor with norovirus? If you have blood in your vomit, get new or worsening symptoms, have vomiting or diarrhea lasting more than 3 days, or have signs of dehydration What is the treatment for norovirus? There is no specific treatment. Drink plenty of fluids, don't take medicine to stop vomiting or diarrhea unless advised by your doctor as this stops your body getting rid of the virus If infected, how can you prevent norovirus from spreading? Don't go to school/work until 48 hours after symptoms have resolved. Don't prepare or handle food until 2-3 days after illness has resolved, remove and wash contaminated clothes, thoroughly, clean contaminated surfaces, and maintain good hand hygiene What is rotavirus? A highly infectious virus of the gut Describe the symptoms of rotavirus A sudden onset of vomiting and watery diarrhoea lasting 3-8 days, fever, abdominal pain, potentially severe dehydration that can be fatal if not treated. Adults will most likely have no symptoms How is rotavirus transmitted? Through fecal-oral transmission. Ccan happen if people don't wash their hands properly after going to the toilet or changing nappies Once infected with rotavirus, how long does it take for symptoms to develop? 1-2 days How can you prevent the spread of rotavirus once infected? Careful hand washing. Stay home from work/school until 48 hours after symptoms resolve. What is the treatment for rotavirus? Supportive care and rehydration How can you prevent rotavirus? Getting vaccinated, and good hand hygiene What is Shigella? A bacterial infection How is Shigella transmitted? By the fecal-oral route. Infected happens when you swallow the shigella bacteria. Usually by eating contaminated food or, being in contact with feces from an infected person, drinking untreated water, swimming in contaminated waterways, and close contact with infected people Who is most at risk of a shigella infection? Those with poor immunity, older adults or a younger children Describe the symptoms of shigella Diarrhoea, sometimes with blood or mucus, nausea and vomiting, fever, and stomach pain When do symptoms start and end for those with shigella? Symptoms usually start 1-3 days after encountering the bacteria and may last up to 2 weeks What is the treatment for shigella? Rest an plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Do not go back to work/school until 2 days after symptoms have resolved. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics for severe infection How can you prevent shigella? Good hand hygiene, keeping food covered, cooking food well, washing raw fruit & vegetables, only drink treated water What is Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or Verotoxin E. coli (VTEC) A type of disease-causing E. coli How is VTEC/STEC transmitted? From foods contaminated with the bacteria, objects/surfaces contaminated with the bacteria, or swallowing the bacteria. People or animals can pass it on in their feces into soil, water and food How can VTEC/STEC be prevented? Good hand hygiene Describe the symptoms of VTEC/STEC Severe stomach cramps, diarrhoea (may be bloody), fever, and vomiting What is the incubation period for VTEC/STEC? 3-4 days after infection, but can be as long as 10 days How long does it take to fully recover from VTEC/STEC? Usually 1 week What is the treatment for VTEC/STEC? Drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration, stay away from school/work until 2 days after symptoms resolve and avoid visitors What is influenza? Also known as the flu, caused by different strains of the influenza virus that infect your nose, throat, and lungs How is influenza transmitted? Via respiratory droplets when infected persons cough or sneeze Describe the symptoms of influenza Fever, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, stomach upset, vomiting, or diarrhoea What is the incubation period of influenza? 1-4 days How long do influenza symptoms last? The worst symptoms usually last about 5 days, coughing can last up to 2-3 weeks Who are the high risk groups for influenza? Pregnant and postpartum woman, people with ongoing health conditions, those significantly overweight, Māori & Pacific people aged 55 and over, people aged 65 and over, and very young children especially infants When should you seek urgent advice with influenza? If you have a high fever that doesn't come down, chills or severe shaking, difficulty breathing, chest pain, discolouration of your lips, skin, fingers or toes, seizures, or convulsions, and signs of other serious conditions What is the treatment for influenza? Rest, ideally in an isolated, well-ventilated room. Drink small amounts of fluids often. Over the counter pain relief, and symptom management. Antivirals may be prescribed by a doctor How can influenza be prevented? By vaccination and good hygiene. Some high risk groups are eligible for free vaccination What is streptococcal sore throat? An infection of the throat and tonsils caused by streptococcal bacteria How is streptococcal sore throat transmitted? Spread by close contact with an infected person, often by inhaling airborne droplets from an infected person's coughs & sneeze, along with sharing food and drinks What is the incubation period for streptococcal sore throat? 1-4 days Describe the symptoms of streptococcal sore throat Common symptoms are a ore throat and painful swallowing. Other symptoms are chills and fever, swollen & tender lymph nodes on the neck, red and swollen appearance inside the throat, pus-like white or yellow spots may be visible on the back of the throat and on the tonsils, headache, nausea and vomiting, earache, body aches and pains. What are potential complications of streptococcal sore throat? Ear and sinus infections, pneumonia, meningitis, kidney disease and rheumatic fever Who is streptococcal sore throat diagnosed? Using a culture of the throat/tonsils using a swab How is streptococcal sore throat treated? Antibiotics, along with symptoms relief Why should any sore throat be checked by a doctor? Because New Zealanders are at high risk of developing rheumatic fever What is whooping cough (pertussis)? A contagious respiratory illness caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis When is the infectious period for whooping cough (pertussis)? From 6 days after exposure to the bacteria, when symptoms are like a normal cold, to 3 weeks after the 'whooping' cough begins, unless treated with antibiotics What is the incubation period for whooping cough (pertussis)? Around 7 days Describe the symptoms of whooping cough (pertussis) First signs are cold like symptoms and persistent spasms of coughing, often followed by a 'whoop'. After about a week you will have uncontrollable coughing fits that list for a few minutes and are worse at night, may make a 'whoop' sound when gasping for breath between coughing fits, may bring up a thick mucus that can make you vomit or choke What is the treatment for whooping cough (pertussis)? You may be given antibiotics, which you should complete the entire course. You are required to isolate until you have received at least 2-5 days of antibiotic treatment, or at least 3 weeks after you've experiences symptoms, whichever comes first How can you prevent whooping cough (pertussis)? By staying up to date with immunisations and keeping yourself and children away from anyone with a cough What is conjunctivitis? An eye condition caused by a a bacterial or viral infection, chemical irritation, ultraviolet burn, or an allergy How can you newborns contract conjunctivitis easily? Their tiny tear ducts can get blocked easily, or they can get a form of conjunctivitis from their mothers birth canal What are other names for conjunctivitis? Sticky eye or pink eye How is conjunctivitis spread? By direct contact with discharge from the eyes, nose, or throat of someone with the infection, or by contact with contaminated fingers or objects What is the incubation period of conjunctivitis? 2-10 days (usually 3-4 days) Describe the symptoms of conjunctivitis The lining of your inner eyelids and the whites of your eyes (the conjunctiva) is red and swollen and feel gritty. Followed by clear, green, or yellow discharge from your eye which forms a crust overnight and can make your eyelids stick together in the morning What is the different between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis? A bacterial infection usually occurs in both eyes and produces more discharge. A viral infection is more likely to be in just one eye with only a slight discharge and may go along with other symptoms like a sore throat What is the treatment for conjunctivitis? Antibiotics or eye drops prescribed from a doctor How can you prevent the spread of conjunctivitis? Good hygiene, avoid touching or rubbing the eyes, wash pillowcases, cloths and towels frequently and avoid sharing How long should a child stay home for if infected with conjunctivitis? Until there is no more discharge from the eyes What is meningococcal meningitis? A bacterial infection causing two serious illnesses, meningitis and septicaemia What is meningitis? Infection of the meninges which are the membranes that cover the brain causing inflammation and swelling What is septicemia? Blood poisoning caused by bacteria Who are the high risk groups for catching meningococcal meningitis? Children under 5, teenagers and young adults. Students in their first year of tertiary education living in student accommodation may also be high risk Describe the symptoms of meningococcal meningitis Symptoms can develop suddenly and include high fever, headache, sleepiness, joint and muscle pains. More specific symptoms are a stiff neck, dislike of bright lights, vomiting, crying, refusal to feed in infants, a rash consisting of reddish-purple pin-prick spots or bruises How is meningococcal meningitis treated? With antibiotics, prompt treatment is very important How is meningococcal meningitis transmitted? Through secretions and respiratory droplets during close or prolonged contact How can meningococcal meningitis be prevented? Through the meningococcal B vaccine. Free for certain groups What is mumps? An acute viral infection that develops quickly Describe the symptoms of mumps Pain in the jaw, fever, headache, swelling of the salivary glands, loss of appetite, and tiredness What is the treatment for mumps? There is no specific treatment. Treatment aims to ease symptoms such as bed rest, fluids, paracetamol to reduce pain and fevers, cold compresses held against the swollen glands How is mumps diagnosed? By a person's signs and symptoms and a buccal swab What are the complications of mumps? Encephalitis, meningitis, orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), mastitis, spontaneous abortion (in 1st trimester), hearing loss, pancreatitis and sterility in males, although rare How is mumps transmitted? By respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing into the air by the infectious person and direct contact with infected saliva What is the infectious period for mumps? Up to 7 days before and 5 days after swelling of the salivary glands begins What is the incubation period for mumps? 12-25 days but is commonly 16-18 days How can you prevent mumps? Through the MMR vaccine As per The Schedule, what are the vaccinations during pregnancy? Tetanus + diphtheria + whooping cough (pertussis), and influenza As per The Schedule, what are the vaccinations at 6 weeks? Rotavirus & diphtheria + tetanus + whooping cough (pertussis) + polio + hepatitis B + haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) & pneumococcal disease As per The Schedule, what are the vaccinations at 3 months? Rotavirus & diphtheria + tetanus + whooping cough (pertussis) + polio + hepatitis B + haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) & meningococcal B As per The Schedule, what are the vaccinations given at 5 months? Diphtheria + tetanus + whooping cough (pertussis) + polio + hepatitis B + haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) & pneumococcal disease & meningococcal B As per The Schedule, what are the vaccinations given at 1