PT 700 - Patho Exam 1 Blueprint Map Questions
and Correct Answers
Know definitions for pathophysiology terms.
Not listing them here but refer to "Terminology" document.
Recognize a Physical Therapists Role in Primary Prevention vs. Secondary Prevention.
(APPLICATION)
Examples include...
Primary Prevention can be achieved by screening programs, corportate consultations, and
promotion of lifestyle changes.
Think BEFORE a disorder
Secondary Prevention can be achieved by education, recommendations, and interventions.
- Examples include, early ICU mobility and fall prevention
This DURING a disorder/impairment
Understand ways a cell adapts to injury/stress and recognize examples of each.
(APPLICATION)
A cell adapts and survives stress via
Hypertrophy
,Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia *note this can be reversible
Dysplasia
Know the 10 common causes of cell injury/stress. (KNOWLEDGE)
1. Hypoxic / Ischemic - Lack of oxygen or blood flow respectively
Hypoxia is most common cause
2. Mechanical Trauma - Physical
3. Extreme Temperatures - Extreme heat or cold
4. Radiation
5. Electrical
6. Chemical Damage
7. Infectious Agents - bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses
8. Immune-mediated Injury - Autoimmune disorders and hypersensitivity rxn (allergy)
9. Nutrient imbalances - deficiencies or excesses
10. Genetics - Enzyme deficiencies, mutations
Understand the mechanism behind apoptosis vs necrosis (Application)
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Cell dies natural to maintain balance of cell multiplication.
Cellular contents shrink and membrane clumps up. The smaller condensed body are destroyed by
immune cell. This process does require energy.
, Necrosis is dying or dead cells when exposed to extreme conditions. Inability of cell to maintain
balance leads to imbalance of internal environment of cell. Cell's contents swell. This process
does not require energy.
Understand types of necrosis and examples of each. (Application)
Coagulative: Cell remains firm and look normal for days post death. Lack of blood flow to any
body part beside brain can cause this.
Liquefactive: Dead cells partially or completely liquefy. Thick and sticky liquid. This can occur
due to infections and lack of O2 to your brain.
Caseous: Dead cells are white and soft, "cottage cheese" looking. Usually seen in the lungs in
tuberculosis. This occurs due to the body trying to isolate and kill "bug" with macrophages,
Fat Necrosis: Damaged cells release lipases which split triglyceride esters within fat cells. Chalk
and white is what it looks like. Typically seen in acute pancreatitis
Fibrinoid Necrosis: Occurs due to immune reactions in vessels. Dead cells appear pink w/o
structure.
Gangrenous Necrosis: Skin appears black and looking to rot. Lack of blood flow causes this.
Recognize epigenetic factors and understand general concepts of epigenetics
(Comprehension)
Behavior and environment can influence how genes work without actually changing DNA
sequence.
and Correct Answers
Know definitions for pathophysiology terms.
Not listing them here but refer to "Terminology" document.
Recognize a Physical Therapists Role in Primary Prevention vs. Secondary Prevention.
(APPLICATION)
Examples include...
Primary Prevention can be achieved by screening programs, corportate consultations, and
promotion of lifestyle changes.
Think BEFORE a disorder
Secondary Prevention can be achieved by education, recommendations, and interventions.
- Examples include, early ICU mobility and fall prevention
This DURING a disorder/impairment
Understand ways a cell adapts to injury/stress and recognize examples of each.
(APPLICATION)
A cell adapts and survives stress via
Hypertrophy
,Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia *note this can be reversible
Dysplasia
Know the 10 common causes of cell injury/stress. (KNOWLEDGE)
1. Hypoxic / Ischemic - Lack of oxygen or blood flow respectively
Hypoxia is most common cause
2. Mechanical Trauma - Physical
3. Extreme Temperatures - Extreme heat or cold
4. Radiation
5. Electrical
6. Chemical Damage
7. Infectious Agents - bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses
8. Immune-mediated Injury - Autoimmune disorders and hypersensitivity rxn (allergy)
9. Nutrient imbalances - deficiencies or excesses
10. Genetics - Enzyme deficiencies, mutations
Understand the mechanism behind apoptosis vs necrosis (Application)
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Cell dies natural to maintain balance of cell multiplication.
Cellular contents shrink and membrane clumps up. The smaller condensed body are destroyed by
immune cell. This process does require energy.
, Necrosis is dying or dead cells when exposed to extreme conditions. Inability of cell to maintain
balance leads to imbalance of internal environment of cell. Cell's contents swell. This process
does not require energy.
Understand types of necrosis and examples of each. (Application)
Coagulative: Cell remains firm and look normal for days post death. Lack of blood flow to any
body part beside brain can cause this.
Liquefactive: Dead cells partially or completely liquefy. Thick and sticky liquid. This can occur
due to infections and lack of O2 to your brain.
Caseous: Dead cells are white and soft, "cottage cheese" looking. Usually seen in the lungs in
tuberculosis. This occurs due to the body trying to isolate and kill "bug" with macrophages,
Fat Necrosis: Damaged cells release lipases which split triglyceride esters within fat cells. Chalk
and white is what it looks like. Typically seen in acute pancreatitis
Fibrinoid Necrosis: Occurs due to immune reactions in vessels. Dead cells appear pink w/o
structure.
Gangrenous Necrosis: Skin appears black and looking to rot. Lack of blood flow causes this.
Recognize epigenetic factors and understand general concepts of epigenetics
(Comprehension)
Behavior and environment can influence how genes work without actually changing DNA
sequence.
