CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ASSESSMENT
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2026 FINAL PAPER
SKILLS REVIEW AND SOLUTIONS TOP RESULT
GRADED A+
◉ Define culture, cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, and
cultural competence. Answer: Culture: shared beliefs and practices;
Cultural awareness: recognizing cultural differences; Cultural
sensitivity: being respectful of those differences; Cultural
competence: ability to effectively interact with diverse cultures.
◉ Define health literacy. Answer: The ability of patients to
understand health information and make informed health decisions.
◉ What is the concern with presenting health information to the
patient during stressful situations? Answer: Patients may have
difficulty processing information when they are in pain or distress.
◉ List three common uses of open-ended questions in patient
interviews. Answer: Encouraging patients to share their experiences,
exploring symptoms in depth, and facilitating discussion.
,◉ Describe the use of closed or direct questions and provide
examples. Answer: Closed questions limit responses to yes/no or
specific options, e.g., 'Do you have a cough?'
◉ Describe the five interview responses focused on the patient's
perspective. Answer: Empathic responses, clarification, reflection,
summarization, and validation.
◉ Describe the four interview responses that incorporate the
interviewer's perspective. Answer: Interpretation, confrontation,
reassurance, and advice.
◉ List ten types of nonproductive verbal messages. Answer:
Judgmental comments, excessive questioning, interruptions,
changing the subject, false reassurance, patronizing language,
leading questions, advising prematurely, minimizing the patient's
feelings, and vague responses.
◉ List seven nonverbal techniques of communication. Answer: Eye
contact, facial expressions, posture, gestures, proximity, touch, and
silence.
◉ What statements or questions would be appropriate when closing
the patient interview? Answer: Summarizing key points, asking if
the patient has any questions, and thanking them for their time.
, ◉ What is the vascular response to increases and decreases in body
temperature? Answer: Vasodilation occurs with increased
temperature, and vasoconstriction occurs with decreased
temperature.
◉ Describe the four different types of fever. Answer: Intermittent,
remittent, sustained, and relapsing.
◉ When is induced hypothermia indicated? Answer: In certain
surgical procedures or to protect the brain during cardiac arrest.
◉ Define bradycardia and tachycardia. Answer: Bradycardia: a slow
heart rate (below 60 bpm); Tachycardia: a fast heart rate (above 100
bpm).
◉ What device may assist in detecting a peripheral pulse difficult to
detect by palpation? Answer: Doppler ultrasound.
◉ List patient conditions that may cause tachypnea. Answer:
Anxiety, fever, respiratory distress, and metabolic acidosis.
◉ List three patient conditions that may cause bradypnea. Answer:
Sleep apnea, drug overdose, and increased intracranial pressure.
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2026 FINAL PAPER
SKILLS REVIEW AND SOLUTIONS TOP RESULT
GRADED A+
◉ Define culture, cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, and
cultural competence. Answer: Culture: shared beliefs and practices;
Cultural awareness: recognizing cultural differences; Cultural
sensitivity: being respectful of those differences; Cultural
competence: ability to effectively interact with diverse cultures.
◉ Define health literacy. Answer: The ability of patients to
understand health information and make informed health decisions.
◉ What is the concern with presenting health information to the
patient during stressful situations? Answer: Patients may have
difficulty processing information when they are in pain or distress.
◉ List three common uses of open-ended questions in patient
interviews. Answer: Encouraging patients to share their experiences,
exploring symptoms in depth, and facilitating discussion.
,◉ Describe the use of closed or direct questions and provide
examples. Answer: Closed questions limit responses to yes/no or
specific options, e.g., 'Do you have a cough?'
◉ Describe the five interview responses focused on the patient's
perspective. Answer: Empathic responses, clarification, reflection,
summarization, and validation.
◉ Describe the four interview responses that incorporate the
interviewer's perspective. Answer: Interpretation, confrontation,
reassurance, and advice.
◉ List ten types of nonproductive verbal messages. Answer:
Judgmental comments, excessive questioning, interruptions,
changing the subject, false reassurance, patronizing language,
leading questions, advising prematurely, minimizing the patient's
feelings, and vague responses.
◉ List seven nonverbal techniques of communication. Answer: Eye
contact, facial expressions, posture, gestures, proximity, touch, and
silence.
◉ What statements or questions would be appropriate when closing
the patient interview? Answer: Summarizing key points, asking if
the patient has any questions, and thanking them for their time.
, ◉ What is the vascular response to increases and decreases in body
temperature? Answer: Vasodilation occurs with increased
temperature, and vasoconstriction occurs with decreased
temperature.
◉ Describe the four different types of fever. Answer: Intermittent,
remittent, sustained, and relapsing.
◉ When is induced hypothermia indicated? Answer: In certain
surgical procedures or to protect the brain during cardiac arrest.
◉ Define bradycardia and tachycardia. Answer: Bradycardia: a slow
heart rate (below 60 bpm); Tachycardia: a fast heart rate (above 100
bpm).
◉ What device may assist in detecting a peripheral pulse difficult to
detect by palpation? Answer: Doppler ultrasound.
◉ List patient conditions that may cause tachypnea. Answer:
Anxiety, fever, respiratory distress, and metabolic acidosis.
◉ List three patient conditions that may cause bradypnea. Answer:
Sleep apnea, drug overdose, and increased intracranial pressure.
