Emergency Management Study Guide
Final Test Review Question and
answers rated A+ 2026
Emergency Management - correct answer The managerial function charged with creating the
framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to threats/hazards and cope with disasters.
Comprehensive - correct answer Emergency managers consider and take into account all
threats/hazards, all phases, all stakeholders, and all impacts relevant to disasters
Progressive - correct answer Emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take protective,
preventive, and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.
Risk-Driven - correct answer Emergency managers use sound risk management principles
(threat/hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.
Integrated - correct answer Emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government
and all elements of a community.
Collaborative - correct answer Emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere relationships
among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus,
and facilitate communication.
Coordinated - correct answer Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant
stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.
Flexible - correct answer Emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving
disaster challenges.
,Professional - correct answer Emergency managers value a science- and knowledge-based approach
based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, public stewardship, and continuous
improvement.
Congressional Act of 1803 - correct answer Was the earliest effort to provide disaster relief on a Federal
level after a fire devastated a New Hampshire town.
From that point forward, assorted legislation provided disaster support. Between 1803 and 1950, the
Federal Government intervened in approximately 100 incidents (earthquakes, fires, floods, and
tornadoes).
Defense Production Act of 1950 - correct answer Was the first comprehensive legislation pertaining to
Federal disaster relief.
The Disaster Relief Act of 1950 gave the President authority to issue disaster declarations that allowed
Federal agencies to provide direct assistance to State and local governments.
The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 created a nationwide system of civil defense agencies, and
defense drills became routine in schools, government agencies, and other organizations.
Executive Order 10427 - correct answer In 1952, President Truman issued Executive Order 10427, which
emphasized that Federal disaster assistance was intended to supplement, not supplant, the resources of
State, local, and private-sector organizations. This role is still the same today
Executive Order 12127 - correct answer President Carter's 1979 Executive Order 12127 merged many of
separate disaster-related responsibilities into a new Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
FEMA was created to:
- Coordinate Federal emergency authorities, including the administration of disaster response and
recovery programs.
- Assume the role of the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration and assume responsibilities from the
Federal Preparedness Agency, the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, the Federal Insurance
Administration, the Office of Emergency Preparedness, and the U.S. Fire Administration.
,FEMA is headquartered in Washington, DC, with 10 regional offices that help plan, coordinate, and
manage disaster assistance activities, including disaster operations, disaster assistance, mitigation, and
preparedness.
Other activities include providing emergency food and shelter funding for those left homeless, and
planning to ensure the continuity of the Federal Government during national security emergencies.
The Stafford Act - correct answer Today, the centerpiece legislation for providing Federal aid for
emergency and disaster relief is the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
(Public Law 100-707). The Stafford Act:
Provides a system of emergency preparedness for the protection of life and property from hazards.
Vests responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in the Federal Government, State and tribal
governments, and their political subdivisions.
Gives FEMA responsibility for coordinating Federal Government response.
Under the Stafford Act, assistance is limited to:
Natural catastrophes (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal
wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or,
Regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion.
The Stafford Act is designed to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, tribes, local
governments, and disaster relief organizations.
Under the Stafford Act, the President can designate an incident as either an "emergency" or a "major
disaster." Both authorize the Federal Government to provide essential assistance to meet immediate
threats to life and property, as well as additional disaster relief assistance.
Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 - correct answer The Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA) provided important provisions, including the key principle
that after a major disaster or emergency declaration accelerated Federal assistance could be sent by
FEMA, in the absence of a specific request by a State, to save lives and prevent suffering. Among its
important provisions, PKEMRA:
Requires the development of pre-scripted mission assignments as part of the planning efforts for
Emergency Support Function (ESF) response efforts.
Transfers to FEMA various preparedness functions formerly contained within Department of Homeland
Security (DHS).
, Employs the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response Framework
(NRF) as the framework for emergency response and domestic incident management.
Requires the development of comprehensive plans to respond to catastrophic incidents to include clear
standardization, guidance, and assistance to ensure common terminology, approach, and framework for
all strategic and operational planning.
Directs the development of a National Disaster Recovery Strategy and National Disaster Housing
Strategy.
Amends the Stafford Act to direct FEMA to appoint a Disability Coordinator to ensure that the needs of
individuals with disabilities are addressed in emergency preparedness and disaster relief.
Requires an annual report to Congress on all Federal planning and preparedness efforts.
Adds protection for household pets and service animals.
Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 - correct answer The Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of
2013 (P.L. 113-2) authorizes several significant changes to the way FEMA may deliver disaster assistance
under a variety of programs. Key changes relate to the following:
Public Assistance:Authorizing alternative procedures for the Public Assistance (PA) Program.Reviewing
and evaluating the Public Assistance small project threshold.Establishing a nationwide dispute resolution
pilot program for Public Assistance projects.
Hazard Mitigation: Streamlining the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP).
Disaster Cost Reduction: Developing a national strategy to reduce costs on future disasters.
Individual Assistance:Revising the factors considered when evaluating the need for the Individual
Assistance Program in a major disaster or emergency.Authorizing the lease and repair of rental units for
use as direct temporary housing.
Unified Federal Review: Establishing a unified and expedited interagency environmental and historic
preservation process for disaster recovery projects.
Essential Assistance: Authorizing changes in the way certain government employees are reimbursed for
performing emergency protective measures.
Tribal Requests for a Major Disaster or Emergency Declaration: Amending the Stafford Act to allow the
Chief Executive of a federally recognized Indian tribe to make a direct request to the President for a
major disaster or emergency declaration. Tribes may elect to receive assistance under a State's
declaration, provided that the President does not make a declaration for the tribe for the same incident.
The Act also:Authorizes the President to establish criteria to adjust the non-federal cost share for an
Final Test Review Question and
answers rated A+ 2026
Emergency Management - correct answer The managerial function charged with creating the
framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to threats/hazards and cope with disasters.
Comprehensive - correct answer Emergency managers consider and take into account all
threats/hazards, all phases, all stakeholders, and all impacts relevant to disasters
Progressive - correct answer Emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take protective,
preventive, and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.
Risk-Driven - correct answer Emergency managers use sound risk management principles
(threat/hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.
Integrated - correct answer Emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government
and all elements of a community.
Collaborative - correct answer Emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere relationships
among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus,
and facilitate communication.
Coordinated - correct answer Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant
stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.
Flexible - correct answer Emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving
disaster challenges.
,Professional - correct answer Emergency managers value a science- and knowledge-based approach
based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, public stewardship, and continuous
improvement.
Congressional Act of 1803 - correct answer Was the earliest effort to provide disaster relief on a Federal
level after a fire devastated a New Hampshire town.
From that point forward, assorted legislation provided disaster support. Between 1803 and 1950, the
Federal Government intervened in approximately 100 incidents (earthquakes, fires, floods, and
tornadoes).
Defense Production Act of 1950 - correct answer Was the first comprehensive legislation pertaining to
Federal disaster relief.
The Disaster Relief Act of 1950 gave the President authority to issue disaster declarations that allowed
Federal agencies to provide direct assistance to State and local governments.
The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 created a nationwide system of civil defense agencies, and
defense drills became routine in schools, government agencies, and other organizations.
Executive Order 10427 - correct answer In 1952, President Truman issued Executive Order 10427, which
emphasized that Federal disaster assistance was intended to supplement, not supplant, the resources of
State, local, and private-sector organizations. This role is still the same today
Executive Order 12127 - correct answer President Carter's 1979 Executive Order 12127 merged many of
separate disaster-related responsibilities into a new Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
FEMA was created to:
- Coordinate Federal emergency authorities, including the administration of disaster response and
recovery programs.
- Assume the role of the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration and assume responsibilities from the
Federal Preparedness Agency, the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, the Federal Insurance
Administration, the Office of Emergency Preparedness, and the U.S. Fire Administration.
,FEMA is headquartered in Washington, DC, with 10 regional offices that help plan, coordinate, and
manage disaster assistance activities, including disaster operations, disaster assistance, mitigation, and
preparedness.
Other activities include providing emergency food and shelter funding for those left homeless, and
planning to ensure the continuity of the Federal Government during national security emergencies.
The Stafford Act - correct answer Today, the centerpiece legislation for providing Federal aid for
emergency and disaster relief is the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
(Public Law 100-707). The Stafford Act:
Provides a system of emergency preparedness for the protection of life and property from hazards.
Vests responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in the Federal Government, State and tribal
governments, and their political subdivisions.
Gives FEMA responsibility for coordinating Federal Government response.
Under the Stafford Act, assistance is limited to:
Natural catastrophes (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal
wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or,
Regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion.
The Stafford Act is designed to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, tribes, local
governments, and disaster relief organizations.
Under the Stafford Act, the President can designate an incident as either an "emergency" or a "major
disaster." Both authorize the Federal Government to provide essential assistance to meet immediate
threats to life and property, as well as additional disaster relief assistance.
Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 - correct answer The Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA) provided important provisions, including the key principle
that after a major disaster or emergency declaration accelerated Federal assistance could be sent by
FEMA, in the absence of a specific request by a State, to save lives and prevent suffering. Among its
important provisions, PKEMRA:
Requires the development of pre-scripted mission assignments as part of the planning efforts for
Emergency Support Function (ESF) response efforts.
Transfers to FEMA various preparedness functions formerly contained within Department of Homeland
Security (DHS).
, Employs the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response Framework
(NRF) as the framework for emergency response and domestic incident management.
Requires the development of comprehensive plans to respond to catastrophic incidents to include clear
standardization, guidance, and assistance to ensure common terminology, approach, and framework for
all strategic and operational planning.
Directs the development of a National Disaster Recovery Strategy and National Disaster Housing
Strategy.
Amends the Stafford Act to direct FEMA to appoint a Disability Coordinator to ensure that the needs of
individuals with disabilities are addressed in emergency preparedness and disaster relief.
Requires an annual report to Congress on all Federal planning and preparedness efforts.
Adds protection for household pets and service animals.
Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 - correct answer The Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of
2013 (P.L. 113-2) authorizes several significant changes to the way FEMA may deliver disaster assistance
under a variety of programs. Key changes relate to the following:
Public Assistance:Authorizing alternative procedures for the Public Assistance (PA) Program.Reviewing
and evaluating the Public Assistance small project threshold.Establishing a nationwide dispute resolution
pilot program for Public Assistance projects.
Hazard Mitigation: Streamlining the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP).
Disaster Cost Reduction: Developing a national strategy to reduce costs on future disasters.
Individual Assistance:Revising the factors considered when evaluating the need for the Individual
Assistance Program in a major disaster or emergency.Authorizing the lease and repair of rental units for
use as direct temporary housing.
Unified Federal Review: Establishing a unified and expedited interagency environmental and historic
preservation process for disaster recovery projects.
Essential Assistance: Authorizing changes in the way certain government employees are reimbursed for
performing emergency protective measures.
Tribal Requests for a Major Disaster or Emergency Declaration: Amending the Stafford Act to allow the
Chief Executive of a federally recognized Indian tribe to make a direct request to the President for a
major disaster or emergency declaration. Tribes may elect to receive assistance under a State's
declaration, provided that the President does not make a declaration for the tribe for the same incident.
The Act also:Authorizes the President to establish criteria to adjust the non-federal cost share for an
