BIOL 252 Module 2 Exam Review | Human Anatomy &
Physiology II Portage Learning | 90+ Q&As Summary
(Latest 2026) PDF
Core Anatomy & Physiology Modules Covered Inside This Review:
Cardiovascular System & Hematology – Deep dive into blood composition (plasma, erythrocytes,
leukocytes, platelets), hemoglobin binding mechanics, blood typing (ABO and Rh incompatibility rules), and
clotting cascades.
Heart Anatomy & Hemodynamics – Detailed structural tracking of cardiac layers (pericardium,
myocardium, endocardium), chamber flows, valve mechanics (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary), the
electrical conduction system (SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers), and ECG wave interpretations.
Blood Vessels & Lymphatic Integration – Comprehensive breakdowns of arteries, capillaries, veins,
blood pressure regulation (baroreceptors and hormonal axes), capillary fluid shifts, and the lymphatic
network's role in immune defense.
Lab Practical & Histology Correlations – High-yield review of virtual lab slides, histological features of
cardiovascular tissues, blood smear identifications, and key anatomical models required for the module
practicals.
Part 1: Composition and Characteristics of Blood (Questions 1–25)
1. Which of the following components makes up the largest percentage of total blood
volume in a healthy adult?
A) Erythrocytes
B) Leukocytes
C) Plasma
D) Platelets
Rationale: Plasma accounts for approximately 55% of total blood volume, whereas
formed elements (mostly red blood cells) make up the remaining 45%.
2. What is the average normal pH range of human arterial blood?
A) 6.35 – 6.45
B) 7.00 – 7.15
C) 7.35 – 7.45
D) 7.85 – 7.95
Rationale: Human blood is slightly alkaline, strictly regulated homeostatically
between 7.35 and 7.45. Any deviation can lead to acidosis or alkalosis.
,3. Which plasma protein is the most abundant and serves as the primary contributor to
maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Albumin
C) Alpha globulin
D) Gamma globulin
Rationale: Albumin comprises about 60% of all plasma proteins and is produced by
the liver. Its main function is to generate the osmotic force that keeps fluid inside
capillaries.
4. Formed elements of the blood include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Erythrocytes
B) Leukocytes
C) Platelets
D) Plasma proteins
Rationale: Formed elements are cellular structures (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
Plasma proteins are dissolved solutes within the liquid matrix, not cells.
5. What is the name of the process by which all formed elements of blood are
produced, primarily occurring in the red bone marrow?
A) Erythropoiesis
B) Leukopoiesis
C) Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)
D) Thrombopoiesis
Rationale: Hemopoiesis is the overarching term for the production of all blood cells.
Erythropoiesis refers strictly to red blood cell generation.
6. Which stem cell in the red bone marrow serves as the common ancestor for all
formed elements of blood?
A) Myeloblast
B) Lymphoblast
C) Hemocytoblast (Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell)
D) Proerythroblast
Rationale: Hemocytoblasts are pluripotent stem cells that differentiate into either
myeloid or lymphoid stem lines to form all blood cells.
7. Mature erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack which of the following cellular structures to
maximize space for hemoglobin storage?
A) Plasma membrane
, B) Nucleus and Mitochondria
C) Cytoplasm
D) Iron atoms
Rationale: RBCs eject their nucleus and organelles during maturation, making them
biconcave disks optimized for carrying oxygen without consuming it via aerobic
respiration.
8. Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four globin chains, and each chain is bound
to a heme group. How many molecules of oxygen (\(O_{2}\)) can a single
hemoglobin molecule carry at maximum saturation?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
Rationale: Each heme group contains one iron atom (\(Fe^{2+}\)) capable of binding
one oxygen molecule. Since there are four heme groups per hemoglobin, it can bind
four \(O_{2}\) molecules.
9. What hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (low tissue oxygen
levels) to stimulate red blood cell production?
A) Thrombopoietin
B) Erythropoietin (EPO)
C) Leukopoietin
D) Calcitonin
Rationale: EPO travels from the kidneys to the red bone marrow, instructing
hemocytoblasts to accelerate the maturation of erythrocytes.
10. What is the average lifespan of a functional erythrocyte circulating within the human
vascular system?
A) 5 to 7 days
B) 30 days
C) 120 days
D) 1 year
Rationale: After roughly 120 days, RBCs become fragile and rigid. They are trapped
and broken down by macrophages in the spleen and liver.
11. When old red blood cells are destroyed, the heme group is broken down into iron
and a yellow-green pigment called:
A) Globin
Physiology II Portage Learning | 90+ Q&As Summary
(Latest 2026) PDF
Core Anatomy & Physiology Modules Covered Inside This Review:
Cardiovascular System & Hematology – Deep dive into blood composition (plasma, erythrocytes,
leukocytes, platelets), hemoglobin binding mechanics, blood typing (ABO and Rh incompatibility rules), and
clotting cascades.
Heart Anatomy & Hemodynamics – Detailed structural tracking of cardiac layers (pericardium,
myocardium, endocardium), chamber flows, valve mechanics (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary), the
electrical conduction system (SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers), and ECG wave interpretations.
Blood Vessels & Lymphatic Integration – Comprehensive breakdowns of arteries, capillaries, veins,
blood pressure regulation (baroreceptors and hormonal axes), capillary fluid shifts, and the lymphatic
network's role in immune defense.
Lab Practical & Histology Correlations – High-yield review of virtual lab slides, histological features of
cardiovascular tissues, blood smear identifications, and key anatomical models required for the module
practicals.
Part 1: Composition and Characteristics of Blood (Questions 1–25)
1. Which of the following components makes up the largest percentage of total blood
volume in a healthy adult?
A) Erythrocytes
B) Leukocytes
C) Plasma
D) Platelets
Rationale: Plasma accounts for approximately 55% of total blood volume, whereas
formed elements (mostly red blood cells) make up the remaining 45%.
2. What is the average normal pH range of human arterial blood?
A) 6.35 – 6.45
B) 7.00 – 7.15
C) 7.35 – 7.45
D) 7.85 – 7.95
Rationale: Human blood is slightly alkaline, strictly regulated homeostatically
between 7.35 and 7.45. Any deviation can lead to acidosis or alkalosis.
,3. Which plasma protein is the most abundant and serves as the primary contributor to
maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Albumin
C) Alpha globulin
D) Gamma globulin
Rationale: Albumin comprises about 60% of all plasma proteins and is produced by
the liver. Its main function is to generate the osmotic force that keeps fluid inside
capillaries.
4. Formed elements of the blood include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Erythrocytes
B) Leukocytes
C) Platelets
D) Plasma proteins
Rationale: Formed elements are cellular structures (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
Plasma proteins are dissolved solutes within the liquid matrix, not cells.
5. What is the name of the process by which all formed elements of blood are
produced, primarily occurring in the red bone marrow?
A) Erythropoiesis
B) Leukopoiesis
C) Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)
D) Thrombopoiesis
Rationale: Hemopoiesis is the overarching term for the production of all blood cells.
Erythropoiesis refers strictly to red blood cell generation.
6. Which stem cell in the red bone marrow serves as the common ancestor for all
formed elements of blood?
A) Myeloblast
B) Lymphoblast
C) Hemocytoblast (Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell)
D) Proerythroblast
Rationale: Hemocytoblasts are pluripotent stem cells that differentiate into either
myeloid or lymphoid stem lines to form all blood cells.
7. Mature erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack which of the following cellular structures to
maximize space for hemoglobin storage?
A) Plasma membrane
, B) Nucleus and Mitochondria
C) Cytoplasm
D) Iron atoms
Rationale: RBCs eject their nucleus and organelles during maturation, making them
biconcave disks optimized for carrying oxygen without consuming it via aerobic
respiration.
8. Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four globin chains, and each chain is bound
to a heme group. How many molecules of oxygen (\(O_{2}\)) can a single
hemoglobin molecule carry at maximum saturation?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
Rationale: Each heme group contains one iron atom (\(Fe^{2+}\)) capable of binding
one oxygen molecule. Since there are four heme groups per hemoglobin, it can bind
four \(O_{2}\) molecules.
9. What hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (low tissue oxygen
levels) to stimulate red blood cell production?
A) Thrombopoietin
B) Erythropoietin (EPO)
C) Leukopoietin
D) Calcitonin
Rationale: EPO travels from the kidneys to the red bone marrow, instructing
hemocytoblasts to accelerate the maturation of erythrocytes.
10. What is the average lifespan of a functional erythrocyte circulating within the human
vascular system?
A) 5 to 7 days
B) 30 days
C) 120 days
D) 1 year
Rationale: After roughly 120 days, RBCs become fragile and rigid. They are trapped
and broken down by macrophages in the spleen and liver.
11. When old red blood cells are destroyed, the heme group is broken down into iron
and a yellow-green pigment called:
A) Globin
