CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ASSESSMENT
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Define centrilobular (centriacinar)...
Answer: Involves the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal
portion. Most common form, strongly associated with cigarette
smoking and chronic btonchitis.
◉ List some COPD risk factors...
Answer: 1. Tobacco smoke.
2. Occupational dust and chemicals.
3. Indoor and outdoor pollutions.
4. Conditions affecting lung development of fetus.
5. Genetic disposition: alpha 1 antitrypsin defiency (major
problem found in the blood/produced by the liver).
◉ Diagnosis of COPD, should test if patient has...
Answer: 1. Dyspnea.
2. Chronic cough.
,3. Chronic sputum production.
4. History of exposure to risk factors.
5. Diagnosis should be confirmed by a PFT.
◉ Emphysema (Pink Puffer)
Answer: Derived from the reddish complexion and the "puffing"
commonly seen in these patients.
Patient tends to be very thin due to increased WOB, barrel chest,
uses accessory muscles of inspiration, and exhales thru "pursed
lips".
◉ Chronic Bronchitis (Blue Bloater)
Answer: Derived from the cyanosis commonly seen in these patients.
Patients tend to be stocky and overweight, have a chronic productive
cough, frequently have swollen ankles and distended neck veins as a
result of cor pulmonale.
◉ COPD: Clinical Manifestations
Answer: Intentionally left blank/continue to next
◉ True or false? There are no mental status changes associated with
COPD.
Answer: False. Mental status changes due to low oxygen to the brain
is closely associated with respiratory failure.
,◉ Define polycythemia...
Answer: Disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that
is occupied by RBCs increases.
◉ Define hypochloremia...
Answer: An electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally
low level of the chloride ion in the blood.
◉ Define hypermatremia...
Answer: A high sodium level in the blood.
◉ What are the emphysema breath sounds?
Answer: Breath sounds are decreased with prolonged expiratory.
◉ What are the chronic bronchitis breath sounds?
Answer: Breath sounds include rhonchi, crackles, and wheezes.
◉ List the sputum production for Chronic Bronchitis and
Emphysema...
Answer: Emphysema has slight production.
Chronic Bronchitis has copious amounts, purulent.
, ◉ List some general management guidelines for COPD...
Answer: Assess and monitor the disease:
1. Exposure to the risk, past medical and family history.
2. Pattern of symptoms/history of exacerbation's.
3. Appropriateness of current medical treatments.
Reducing the risk factors:
1. Quit smoking (Reduces risk and slows progression).
2. Avoid indoor and outdoor air pollution.
◉ What are some non-pharmacological ways to manage COPD?
Answer: 1. Pulmonary rehab.
2. Education.
3. Conditioning.
◉ What are some pharmacological ways to manage COPD?
Answer: 1. Short acting beta-adrenergic's.
2. Long acting beta-adrenergic's.
3. Anticholinergic's: long and short acting.
4. Steroids.
5. Oxygen.
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Define centrilobular (centriacinar)...
Answer: Involves the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal
portion. Most common form, strongly associated with cigarette
smoking and chronic btonchitis.
◉ List some COPD risk factors...
Answer: 1. Tobacco smoke.
2. Occupational dust and chemicals.
3. Indoor and outdoor pollutions.
4. Conditions affecting lung development of fetus.
5. Genetic disposition: alpha 1 antitrypsin defiency (major
problem found in the blood/produced by the liver).
◉ Diagnosis of COPD, should test if patient has...
Answer: 1. Dyspnea.
2. Chronic cough.
,3. Chronic sputum production.
4. History of exposure to risk factors.
5. Diagnosis should be confirmed by a PFT.
◉ Emphysema (Pink Puffer)
Answer: Derived from the reddish complexion and the "puffing"
commonly seen in these patients.
Patient tends to be very thin due to increased WOB, barrel chest,
uses accessory muscles of inspiration, and exhales thru "pursed
lips".
◉ Chronic Bronchitis (Blue Bloater)
Answer: Derived from the cyanosis commonly seen in these patients.
Patients tend to be stocky and overweight, have a chronic productive
cough, frequently have swollen ankles and distended neck veins as a
result of cor pulmonale.
◉ COPD: Clinical Manifestations
Answer: Intentionally left blank/continue to next
◉ True or false? There are no mental status changes associated with
COPD.
Answer: False. Mental status changes due to low oxygen to the brain
is closely associated with respiratory failure.
,◉ Define polycythemia...
Answer: Disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that
is occupied by RBCs increases.
◉ Define hypochloremia...
Answer: An electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally
low level of the chloride ion in the blood.
◉ Define hypermatremia...
Answer: A high sodium level in the blood.
◉ What are the emphysema breath sounds?
Answer: Breath sounds are decreased with prolonged expiratory.
◉ What are the chronic bronchitis breath sounds?
Answer: Breath sounds include rhonchi, crackles, and wheezes.
◉ List the sputum production for Chronic Bronchitis and
Emphysema...
Answer: Emphysema has slight production.
Chronic Bronchitis has copious amounts, purulent.
, ◉ List some general management guidelines for COPD...
Answer: Assess and monitor the disease:
1. Exposure to the risk, past medical and family history.
2. Pattern of symptoms/history of exacerbation's.
3. Appropriateness of current medical treatments.
Reducing the risk factors:
1. Quit smoking (Reduces risk and slows progression).
2. Avoid indoor and outdoor air pollution.
◉ What are some non-pharmacological ways to manage COPD?
Answer: 1. Pulmonary rehab.
2. Education.
3. Conditioning.
◉ What are some pharmacological ways to manage COPD?
Answer: 1. Short acting beta-adrenergic's.
2. Long acting beta-adrenergic's.
3. Anticholinergic's: long and short acting.
4. Steroids.
5. Oxygen.
