ANP 1106 Midterm 2 Study Guide |
Questions and Answers | 2026 Update |
100% Correct - University of Ottawa
SECTION 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (14 Questions)
Q1: Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle tissue responsible for
contraction?
A. Epicardium
B. Endocardium
C. Myocardium [CORRECT]
D. Pericardium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the myocardium is the thick middle layer composed of cardiac
muscle tissue that generates the contractile force of the heart. Per standard
anatomy/physiology principles, the epicardium is the outer serous layer, the endocardium
lines the chambers, and the pericardium is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
Q2: The tricuspid valve is located between which two heart chambers?
A. Left atrium and left ventricle
B. Right atrium and right ventricle [CORRECT]
C. Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
D. Left ventricle and aorta
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the tricuspid valve, also called the right atrioventricular valve, is
positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle to prevent backflow of blood during
ventricular contraction. The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located on the left side.
,Q3: Which structure in the cardiac conduction system has the fastest intrinsic firing rate under
normal conditions?
A. AV node
B. Bundle of His
C. SA node [CORRECT]
D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the SA node has an intrinsic rate of 60-100 beats per minute,
which is faster than the AV node (40-60 bpm) and ventricular Purkinje fibers (20-40 bpm). Per
standard anatomy/physiology principles, the SA node serves as the normal pacemaker of the
heart due to this fastest automaticity.
Q4: On a standard ECG tracing, the QRS complex represents which electrical event?
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Atrial repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization [CORRECT]
D. Ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization, which
triggers ventricular contraction. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, and the T wave
represents ventricular repolarization. Atrial repolarization is typically masked by the QRS
complex.
Q5: During which phase of the cardiac cycle do both the atrioventricular valves and semilunar
valves remain closed simultaneously?
A. Ventricular ejection
B. Isovolumetric contraction [CORRECT]
C. Atrial systole
, D. Passive ventricular filling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because during isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure rises rapidly
but has not yet exceeded aortic/pulmonary pressures, so all valves remain closed. This phase
begins immediately after the QRS complex and ends when the semilunar valves open. No
blood enters or leaves the ventricles during this interval.
Q6: The first heart sound (S1, "lub") is produced primarily by the closure of which valves?
A. Aortic and pulmonary valves
B. Tricuspid and mitral valves [CORRECT]
C. Pulmonary and tricuspid valves
D. Aortic and mitral valves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because S1 is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves
(tricuspid and mitral) at the onset of ventricular systole. The second heart sound (S2, "dub")
results from closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) at the beginning of
ventricular diastole.
Q7: According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, cardiac output increases in response to:
A. Decreased venous return
B. Increased ventricular preload [CORRECT]
C. Increased afterload
D. Decreased myocardial contractility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the Frank-Starling law states that the force of ventricular
contraction increases with greater ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload). Increased
venous return stretches cardiac muscle fibers, optimizing actin-myosin overlap and producing
a stronger subsequent contraction.
Questions and Answers | 2026 Update |
100% Correct - University of Ottawa
SECTION 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (14 Questions)
Q1: Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle tissue responsible for
contraction?
A. Epicardium
B. Endocardium
C. Myocardium [CORRECT]
D. Pericardium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the myocardium is the thick middle layer composed of cardiac
muscle tissue that generates the contractile force of the heart. Per standard
anatomy/physiology principles, the epicardium is the outer serous layer, the endocardium
lines the chambers, and the pericardium is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
Q2: The tricuspid valve is located between which two heart chambers?
A. Left atrium and left ventricle
B. Right atrium and right ventricle [CORRECT]
C. Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
D. Left ventricle and aorta
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the tricuspid valve, also called the right atrioventricular valve, is
positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle to prevent backflow of blood during
ventricular contraction. The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located on the left side.
,Q3: Which structure in the cardiac conduction system has the fastest intrinsic firing rate under
normal conditions?
A. AV node
B. Bundle of His
C. SA node [CORRECT]
D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the SA node has an intrinsic rate of 60-100 beats per minute,
which is faster than the AV node (40-60 bpm) and ventricular Purkinje fibers (20-40 bpm). Per
standard anatomy/physiology principles, the SA node serves as the normal pacemaker of the
heart due to this fastest automaticity.
Q4: On a standard ECG tracing, the QRS complex represents which electrical event?
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Atrial repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization [CORRECT]
D. Ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization, which
triggers ventricular contraction. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, and the T wave
represents ventricular repolarization. Atrial repolarization is typically masked by the QRS
complex.
Q5: During which phase of the cardiac cycle do both the atrioventricular valves and semilunar
valves remain closed simultaneously?
A. Ventricular ejection
B. Isovolumetric contraction [CORRECT]
C. Atrial systole
, D. Passive ventricular filling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because during isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure rises rapidly
but has not yet exceeded aortic/pulmonary pressures, so all valves remain closed. This phase
begins immediately after the QRS complex and ends when the semilunar valves open. No
blood enters or leaves the ventricles during this interval.
Q6: The first heart sound (S1, "lub") is produced primarily by the closure of which valves?
A. Aortic and pulmonary valves
B. Tricuspid and mitral valves [CORRECT]
C. Pulmonary and tricuspid valves
D. Aortic and mitral valves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because S1 is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves
(tricuspid and mitral) at the onset of ventricular systole. The second heart sound (S2, "dub")
results from closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) at the beginning of
ventricular diastole.
Q7: According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, cardiac output increases in response to:
A. Decreased venous return
B. Increased ventricular preload [CORRECT]
C. Increased afterload
D. Decreased myocardial contractility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because the Frank-Starling law states that the force of ventricular
contraction increases with greater ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload). Increased
venous return stretches cardiac muscle fibers, optimizing actin-myosin overlap and producing
a stronger subsequent contraction.
