ELEMENTARY STATISTICS FINAL
EXAM
Statistics---ans-✔✔the-study-of-methods-for-collecting,-organizing,-and-analyzing-data
Population---ans-✔✔a-complete-set-of-actual-or-potential-elements-about-which-
inferences-are-made
Sample---ans-✔✔a-subset-of-the-population-selected-using-some-sampling-methods
Parameter---ans-✔✔a-characteristic-or-measure-from-a-population
Statistic---ans-✔✔a-numerical-variable-that-comes-from-a-sample
Discrete-Data---ans-✔✔exact-and-counting,-with-whole-numbers
Continuous-Data---ans-✔✔infinite-and-a-range,-usually-measurement-with-decimals
Categorical-Data---ans-✔✔word-data
Observational-Study---ans-✔✔just-observe-what-happens---these-studies-have-ore-
variables-that-are-uncontrolled
Experiment---ans-✔✔has-a-treatment,-and-the-experimenter-(the-one-in-control)-
somewhat-controls-who-gets-the-treatment---these-are-better-than-observational-studies-
because-you-can-split-the-participants-into-similar-groups-except-for-the-variable-you-are-
looking-for
Lurking-Variable---ans-✔✔variable-that-we-can't-control,-particularly-in-an-observational-
study---this-is-the-problem-with-observational-studies
Placebo-Effect---ans-✔✔when-a-person-reacts-to-a-treatment-based-on-just-them-thinking-
they-got-the-real-treatment
Blinding---ans-✔✔the-one-participating-does-not-know-whether-they-are-getting-the-real-
treatment
, Distribution---ans-✔✔frequencies-of-values-in-a-data-set
Frequency-Distribution---ans-✔✔how-often-data-occurs-in-a-data-set
Relative-Frequency-Distribution---ans-✔✔percentage-or-proportion-of-the-whole-number-
of-data
Cumulative-Frequency-Distribution---ans-✔✔the-sums-of-the-frequency-of-the-data-
values-from-the-smallest-to-largest
Normal-Distribution---ans-✔✔a-continuous,-bell-shaped-distribution-of-a-random-variable-
x
Histogram---ans-✔✔a-way-to-graph-a-probability-distribution
--for-every-individual-value-of-the-random-variable-x,-we-have-that-)-is-less-than-or-equal-to-
P(x)-which-is-less-than-or-equal-to-1
--the-sum-of-P(x)-=-1
--the-textbook-uses-0+-to-represent-a-probability-that-is-very-small,-but-no-zero
Uniform-Distribution---ans-✔✔if-the-values-are-spread-evenly-over-the-range-of-
possibilities
Scatterplot---ans-✔✔used-to-visualize-bivariate-data;-the-explanatory-variable-is-shown-
on-the-horizontal-axis-and-the-response-variable-is-shown-on-the-vertical-axis
Descriptive-Statistics---ans-✔✔methods-and-tools-that-are-used-to-describe-
characteristics-of-data
Inferential-Statistics---ans-✔✔methods-and-tools-that-are-used-to-make-generalizations-
about-a-population
Mean---ans-✔✔it-is-found-by-adding-the-data-values-and-dividing-the-total-by-the-number-
of-data-values
Median---ans-✔✔a-value-that-divides-the-data-set-into-two-equal-sized-values
--half-the-data-values-are-less-than-or-equal-to-the-median-and-the-other-half-is-greater-
than-or-equal-to-the-data-values
--use-this-mean-whenever-you-have-outliers
Range---ans-✔✔the-difference-between-the-maximum-data-value-and-the-minimum-data-
value
Standard-Deviation---ans-✔✔a-measure-of-how-much-data-values-deviate-away-from-the-
mean-
--sometimes-the-small-standard-deviations-just-mean-you-are-dealing-with-small-
numbers,-and-larger-deviations-means-you-are-dealing-with-larger-numbers
EXAM
Statistics---ans-✔✔the-study-of-methods-for-collecting,-organizing,-and-analyzing-data
Population---ans-✔✔a-complete-set-of-actual-or-potential-elements-about-which-
inferences-are-made
Sample---ans-✔✔a-subset-of-the-population-selected-using-some-sampling-methods
Parameter---ans-✔✔a-characteristic-or-measure-from-a-population
Statistic---ans-✔✔a-numerical-variable-that-comes-from-a-sample
Discrete-Data---ans-✔✔exact-and-counting,-with-whole-numbers
Continuous-Data---ans-✔✔infinite-and-a-range,-usually-measurement-with-decimals
Categorical-Data---ans-✔✔word-data
Observational-Study---ans-✔✔just-observe-what-happens---these-studies-have-ore-
variables-that-are-uncontrolled
Experiment---ans-✔✔has-a-treatment,-and-the-experimenter-(the-one-in-control)-
somewhat-controls-who-gets-the-treatment---these-are-better-than-observational-studies-
because-you-can-split-the-participants-into-similar-groups-except-for-the-variable-you-are-
looking-for
Lurking-Variable---ans-✔✔variable-that-we-can't-control,-particularly-in-an-observational-
study---this-is-the-problem-with-observational-studies
Placebo-Effect---ans-✔✔when-a-person-reacts-to-a-treatment-based-on-just-them-thinking-
they-got-the-real-treatment
Blinding---ans-✔✔the-one-participating-does-not-know-whether-they-are-getting-the-real-
treatment
, Distribution---ans-✔✔frequencies-of-values-in-a-data-set
Frequency-Distribution---ans-✔✔how-often-data-occurs-in-a-data-set
Relative-Frequency-Distribution---ans-✔✔percentage-or-proportion-of-the-whole-number-
of-data
Cumulative-Frequency-Distribution---ans-✔✔the-sums-of-the-frequency-of-the-data-
values-from-the-smallest-to-largest
Normal-Distribution---ans-✔✔a-continuous,-bell-shaped-distribution-of-a-random-variable-
x
Histogram---ans-✔✔a-way-to-graph-a-probability-distribution
--for-every-individual-value-of-the-random-variable-x,-we-have-that-)-is-less-than-or-equal-to-
P(x)-which-is-less-than-or-equal-to-1
--the-sum-of-P(x)-=-1
--the-textbook-uses-0+-to-represent-a-probability-that-is-very-small,-but-no-zero
Uniform-Distribution---ans-✔✔if-the-values-are-spread-evenly-over-the-range-of-
possibilities
Scatterplot---ans-✔✔used-to-visualize-bivariate-data;-the-explanatory-variable-is-shown-
on-the-horizontal-axis-and-the-response-variable-is-shown-on-the-vertical-axis
Descriptive-Statistics---ans-✔✔methods-and-tools-that-are-used-to-describe-
characteristics-of-data
Inferential-Statistics---ans-✔✔methods-and-tools-that-are-used-to-make-generalizations-
about-a-population
Mean---ans-✔✔it-is-found-by-adding-the-data-values-and-dividing-the-total-by-the-number-
of-data-values
Median---ans-✔✔a-value-that-divides-the-data-set-into-two-equal-sized-values
--half-the-data-values-are-less-than-or-equal-to-the-median-and-the-other-half-is-greater-
than-or-equal-to-the-data-values
--use-this-mean-whenever-you-have-outliers
Range---ans-✔✔the-difference-between-the-maximum-data-value-and-the-minimum-data-
value
Standard-Deviation---ans-✔✔a-measure-of-how-much-data-values-deviate-away-from-the-
mean-
--sometimes-the-small-standard-deviations-just-mean-you-are-dealing-with-small-
numbers,-and-larger-deviations-means-you-are-dealing-with-larger-numbers
