MICR*3330 Midterm Comprehensive Study Guide With Rationales

A virus without an enclosing envelope, consisting only of a nucleocapsid - correct answers Naked Virus The protein shell of a virus that encloses its genetic material - correct answers Capsid Is a limited (closed) structure and allows packaging of only limited genome sizes - correct answers Icosahedral Symmetry The relationships between capsid proteins structures are similar but not identical - correct answers Quasi-Equivalence Is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). - correct answers Haemagglutination Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. - correct answers Plasmodesmata Organisms that do not contain nucleic acids - correct answers Prions The complete virus particle that is capable of infection - correct answers Virion The discrete substructure within the virion of an enveloped virus - correct answers Nucleocapsid Single folded polypeptide - correct answers Subunit Basic unit that builds capsid/nucleocapsids and can be comprised of one or more subunits - correct answers Structural Subunit All subunits have the same packaging environment - correct answers Equivalent Relationships The number of small facets within each of the 20 triangular faces on and icosahedral capsid - correct answers Triangulation Number always ends in -virales - correct answers Order always ends in -viridae - correct answers Family always ends in -virus - correct answers Species always ends in -virus - correct answers Genus Viruses based on the host in which the virus was first identified and disease symptoms - correct answers Plant Viruses Viruses based on the Latin name of the insect host and an indication of the effects of infection - correct answers Invertebrate Viruses Viruses based on diseases and symptoms - correct answers Vertebrate Viruses the prediction of evolutionary relatedness of viruses based on comparison of their sequences using computer and mathematical algorithms - correct answers Phylogeny Culture that is derived from live tissue, composed of multiple cell types - correct answers Primary Cell Cultures Culture that is of a single cell type = mainly epithelial, fibroblast - correct answers Diploid Cell Strains Culture that is homogenous in cell type and is often cancerous - correct answers Continuous (Immortal) Cell Lines The number of infectious viruses/ number of cells - correct answers MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) The time between adsorption and first intra-cellular vision - correct answers Eclipse Period The time between adsorption and first extra-cellular virion - correct answers Latent Period The sum of virions produced in a single cell - correct answers Burst Size The synthesis of viral components required for building the next generation of viruses - correct answers Biosynthesis The production of mRNAs from genome (DNA -- RNA) - correct answers Transcription Production of DNA using RNA as a template - correct answers Reverse Transcription Production of proteins using cell machinery - correct answers Translation The production of nascent viral genomes - correct answers Genome Replication Encode regulatory proteins rendering cells enter S phase, induce expression of other viral genes, inhibit host biosynthesis - correct answers Immediately Early Genes Enzymes and factors required for genome replication - correct answers Early Genes Structural proteins required for virus assembly - correct answers Late Genes Encode for polyhedrin of baculoviruses - correct answers Very Late Genes A virus that associates with the endoplasmic reticulum as its intra-cellular membrane - correct answers Potato virus X A virus that associates with the mitochondria as its intra-cellular membrane - correct answers Grapevine fleck virus A virus that associates with the peroxisome membrane as its intra-cellular membrane - correct answers Tomato buch stunt virus A virus that associates with the vesicular membrane as its intra-cellular membrane - correct answers Poliovirus A virus that associates with the endosomal membrane as its intra-cellular membrane - correct answers Sindbis virus A virus that associates with the chloroplast as its intra-cellular membrane - correct answers Turnip Yellow Mosaic virus A type of virus that contains 2 (+)RNA strands, reverse transcriptase, and integrase - correct answers Retroviruses the range of hosts that can be infected by a given virus - correct answers Host Range the preference of a given virus for certain types of cell and tissue in its hosts - correct answers Tissue Tropism cells that allow attachment and entry of a given virus - correct answers Susceptible Cells cells that permit the replication of a given virus - correct answers Permissive Cells The genus of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus - correct answers Tobamovirus The family of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus - correct answers Virgaviridae Excess CP from the transgene blocks virus disassemble, thus leading to resistance against the virus - correct answers Cap Protein Mediated Resistance A family of viruses that are icosahedral, (+)ssRNA, and are naked - correct answers Poliovirus and Picornaviridae a protein that is covalently attached to the 5′ end of positive strand viral RNA and acts as a primer during RNA synthesis - correct answers VPg (Viral Protein Genome-linked) Contains extensive secondary and tertiary structures in 5' UTR that allows for translation complex binding - correct answers IRES (Internal Ribosome Entrance Structure) -Suggested using germ warfare -Spread smallpox through contaminated blankets -Infect Indian allies of the French - correct answers Jeffery Amherst -Distributed infected blankets and handkerchiefs to Indians at peace talks - correct answers Captain Simeon Ecuyer "-Discovered the first virus -Extracted from tobacco with mosaic symptoms was infections -Prelim. report was that it was soluble, enzyme-like contagium -Published An Unknown Bacterium" - correct answers Mayer "-Created a porcaline filter that will retain bacteria. Anything that flows through will not contain bacteria, rather the viruses. Filters based on size: 1. Filtrate the abstracts 2. Use filtrate to inoculate healthy plant - correct answers Ivanovsky "1. Passed abstract through filter 2. Diluted the filtrate 3. Inoculated healthy plants 4. Showed similar disease all around 5. Concluded that it was not bacteria -Abstract included bacteria producing toxins. Dilution killed the toxins. When plants became infected they therefore concluded that it could not have been the bacteria, rather something else" - correct answers Beijerinck "-Crystallised TMV -Determined it was protein in nature " - correct answers Wendell Stanley "-Discovered that protein made up ~95% of TMV -~5% is nucleic acid. Perhaps the genetic material? (RNA)" - correct answers Bawden and Pirie "-First observed the TMV using an EM -RNA molecule is enclosed within the protein shell -TMV is indeed a physical entity that has a specific structure with protein, RNA" - correct answers Enst Ruska "-Determined that RNA and not the protein, was the genetic material -Capsular Protein alone on the plant is not infectious -Capsular Protein and RNA is infections -RNA alone is infectious -Therefore determined that RNA was in fact responsible for the propagation and infect-ability of viruses" - correct answers Fraenkel-Conrat "-Discovered the first animal virus "the foot" -Was a filterable, and therefore easily transmissible virus. " - correct answers Loeffler and Frosch "-First individual to propose the yellow fever was transmitted through mosquitos -Recruited medical doctors, soldiers," - correct answers Carlos Finlay -Effectively identified the first human virus = Yellow Fever - correct answers Walter Reed "Understood the vaccination concept, but actually wanted to bring this concept to life -Tried to grow vaccine on agar plate -When he colonised bacteria, he recognised different morphologies of the cells -Some were glassy. He thought something may be eating the bacteria? - correct answers Frederick Twort "Cultured and plated shigella bacteria and recognised similar glossy morphology of cells -Realises a virus is causing glossy appearance because of cell lysis -Termed bacteriophage (eater of bacteria) therefore a virus -Saw great potential for using bacteriophages for therapy for disease -Dream was to use bacteriophages to cure all bacterial infections in humans" - correct answers Felix d'Herelle -Obtaines the first EM graphs of TMV particles - correct answers Ruska "-Created the One Step Growth Curve which was the synchronisation of bacteriophages to start replication at the same time point -Were then able to study specific steps of viral replication and infection " - correct answers Delbruck and Ellis -Group made impactful discoveries - correct answers Luria, Delbruck, Ellis (Phage Group) "-Discovered DNA as the genetic material -Used 2 different radioisotopes (35S and 32P) -35 will mostly label proteins (amino acids) -32 will label mostly DNA nucleic acids (phosphate groups) -After incubation, they blended the mix aggresively to break off bacteriophage cell so it gets released into the solution -Then centrifuged -35: Majority was found in supernatant -32: Majority of radioactivity was found in pellet (radioactive cells) -Was able to determine that DNA was responsible for genetic information" - correct answers Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey -Determined that the structure of TMV particle is helical - correct answers Watson -Proposed that spherical viruses are built as cubic structures - correct answers Watson and Crick "-Created the Baltimore classification for viruses -Isolated the first RNA-Dependant RNA Polymerase from a Polio infected cell" - correct answers Baltimore -Produced animal cel cultures that would be used to study viruses - correct answers Enders, Weller, Robbins -Her cancer cells were the source of the HeLa cell line (cervical cancer) - correct answers Henrietta Lacks -Described RNA in TMV particle - correct answers Rosalind Franklin "-Created the Necrotic Local Lesion Assay -Abraded surface of leaves, rubbed diluted virus stalk, watched for infection" - correct answers Francis Holmes "-Discovered the temperature sensitive TMV mutant, Ls1 -Aided in the discovery of movement proteins" - correct answers Nishiguchi "-Discovered complementation by transgenic MP -Aided in the discovery of movement proteins " - correct answers Deom et. al "1. Purified different viruses into individual plaques 2. Can study the different characteristics of each virus and can titrate them - correct answers Dulbecco -Created the first inactive polio virus vaccine - correct answers Salk -Created the first live attenuated polio vaccine - correct answers Sabin -Created the live attenuated vaccine strain 17-D used for Yellow Fever - correct answers Max Theiler Smallest known infectious pathogens that are solely composed of a short strand of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coat. - correct answers Viroid a subviral agent composed of nucleic acid that depends on the co-infection of a host cell with a helper or master virus for its replication. - correct answers Satellite The process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody where the clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement. - correct answers Agglutination