Periode 1 – 2025 Neuropsychologie
Hoorcollege en
Literatuursamenvatting
Voorderhake, E. (Eline)
[BEDRIJFSNAAM]
,Inhoudsopgave
COLLEGE 1 – HOORCOLLEGE INTRO & ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ....................................................... 5
LEERDOELEN ALGEMEEN........................................................................................................................... 5
LEERDOELEN DIT COLLEGE ........................................................................................................................ 5
ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ......................................................................................................................... 5
Waarom willen we weten hoe ons brein werkt? ................................................................................. 5
Onderzoek doen naar de hersenen .................................................................................................. 5
Structuur; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) .................................................................................. 6
Structuur; Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) .......................................................................................... 6
Functie; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) ................................................................................... 6
Functie; Electoencephalography (EEG) ............................................................................................ 7
Functie; Manipulaties ..................................................................................................................... 7
AFKORTINGEN........................................................................................................................................ 7
COLLEGE 2 – HOORCOLLEGE ANATOMIE............................................................................................ 8
LEERDOELEN ......................................................................................................................................... 8
EVOLUTIE ............................................................................................................................................. 8
ANATOMIE VAN HET CENTRAAL ZENUWSTELSEL ............................................................................................... 8
Hersenen; oriëntatie ....................................................................................................................... 8
Hersenen; neuronen ....................................................................................................................... 8
Hersenen; opbouw ......................................................................................................................... 9
Hersenen; Cerebrale cortex; Lobes (kwabben) ................................................................................10
Hersenen; Cerebrale cortex; Limbisch systeem ...............................................................................10
Hersenen; Cerebrale cortex; basale ganglia.....................................................................................10
Hersenen; Hersenstam; Thalamus en hypothalamus .......................................................................10
Hersenen; Hersenstam; Tectum & Tegmentun .................................................................................11
Hersenen; Hersenstam; Pons en Medulla ........................................................................................11
Hersenen; Cerebellum ...................................................................................................................11
Ruggenmerg ..................................................................................................................................11
ANATOMIE PERIFEER ZENUWSTELSEL ..........................................................................................................11
Somatisch Zenuwstelsel; Motorisch en Sensorisch .........................................................................11
Autonoom Zenuwstelsel; Sympatisch en Parasympatisch ................................................................12
ANATOMIE ENTERISCH ZENUWSTELSEL ........................................................................................................12
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................12
COLLEGE 3 – HOORCOLLEGE NEURALE COMMUNICATIE .................................................................. 13
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................13
COMMUNICATIE TUSSEN NEURONEN ...........................................................................................................13
Stappen neuronale communicatie ..................................................................................................13
ACTIEPOTENTIAAL ..................................................................................................................................14
Natuurkundige en scheikundige principes .......................................................................................14
Rustpotentiaal ...............................................................................................................................14
Verstoring van de rustpotentiaal .....................................................................................................15
Actiepotentiaal ..............................................................................................................................15
Myeline .........................................................................................................................................15
NEUROTRANSMISSIE ...............................................................................................................................16
Wat is een neurotransmitter? .........................................................................................................16
Anatomie van de synapse...............................................................................................................16
Vijf stappen van neurotransmissie ..................................................................................................16
Soorten synapsen ..........................................................................................................................17
Soorten receptoren........................................................................................................................17
Soorten neurotransmitter: Chemie .................................................................................................17
Neurotransmitter en gedrag............................................................................................................17
Neurotransmitter en gedrag – Perideer zenuwstelsel ........................................................................18
Neurotransmitters en gedrag – Centrale zenuwstelsel ......................................................................18
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................18
COLLEGE 4 – HOORCOLLEGE ONTWIKKELING ................................................................................. 19
1
, LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................19
ONTWIKKELING ZENUWSTELSEL .................................................................................................................19
ONTWIKKELING NEURONEN ......................................................................................................................19
Groei en ontwikkeling neuronen......................................................................................................19
Wanneer gebeurt wat? ...................................................................................................................21
VERSTORING VAN PRENATALE HERSENONTWIKKELING ......................................................................................21
Omgevingsfactoren .......................................................................................................................21
PLASTICITEIT.........................................................................................................................................21
Plasticiteit neemt af over tijd ..........................................................................................................21
2 VORMENDE FASEN; BABY-KLEUTER & ADOLESCENTIE ....................................................................................22
Gevoelige perioden ........................................................................................................................22
Vormende fasen ............................................................................................................................22
Baby-kleuter ..................................................................................................................................22
Adolescentie .................................................................................................................................23
COLLEGE 5 – HOORCOLLEGE PERCEPTIE ......................................................................................... 24
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................24
ALGEMENE PRINCIPES .............................................................................................................................24
VISIE ..................................................................................................................................................24
Fotoreceptoren .............................................................................................................................24
Retinale ganglioncellen ..................................................................................................................25
Visuele paden ...............................................................................................................................25
Visuele paden – Geniculostriate pad ...............................................................................................25
Occipitaal kwab ............................................................................................................................25
Dorsaal en ventrale visuele stromen ...............................................................................................26
Locatie..........................................................................................................................................26
Schade aan visueel systeem – V1 ...................................................................................................26
Schade aan visueel systeem – Dorsale en Ventrale stroom ...............................................................26
GEHOOR .............................................................................................................................................27
Wat is geluid? ................................................................................................................................27
Anatomie van het auditieve systeem ...............................................................................................27
Auditieve cortex .............................................................................................................................28
Neurale activiteit in auditief systeem – toonhoogte en luidheid .........................................................28
Neurale activiteit in auditief systeem – Locatie .................................................................................28
Taal...............................................................................................................................................28
BEWEGING EN TACTIELE INFORMATIEVERWERKING ..........................................................................................29
Direct samenspel sensorische en motorneuronen: reflexen .............................................................29
Corticale motor systemen ..............................................................................................................29
De motorcortex .............................................................................................................................29
Corticospinale baan ......................................................................................................................29
Beweging ......................................................................................................................................30
Somatosensorische perceptie ........................................................................................................30
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................31
COLLEGE 6 – HOORCOLLEGE LEREN & GEHEUGEN .......................................................................... 32
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................32
LEREN & GEHEUGEN ..............................................................................................................................32
Wat is geheugen? ..........................................................................................................................32
Typen geheugen ............................................................................................................................32
Wat is er nodig om een herinnering te maken? .................................................................................32
GEHEUGEN IN HET BREIN .........................................................................................................................33
Expliciet geheugen .........................................................................................................................33
Impliciet geheugen ........................................................................................................................34
Emotioneel geheugen ....................................................................................................................34
Geheugen op synaps-level .............................................................................................................35
PRAKTISCHE TOEPASSING.........................................................................................................................35
Reconsolidatie ..............................................................................................................................35
SCHOOL-NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE .................................................................................................................36
Educational Neuroscience .............................................................................................................36
2
, Neuromythes ................................................................................................................................37
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................37
COLLEGE 7 – HOORCOLLEGE HORMONEN, STRESS EN EMOTIE ........................................................ 38
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................38
HET ENDOCRIEN SYSTEEM ........................................................................................................................38
Homeostase .................................................................................................................................38
Geslachtshormonen: HPG-AS ........................................................................................................38
Prenatale geslachtsdifferentiatie ....................................................................................................39
Puberteit .......................................................................................................................................39
Activerende effecten geslachtshormonen .......................................................................................39
Cortisol .........................................................................................................................................39
Stress ...........................................................................................................................................40
Hippocampus ...............................................................................................................................40
Ontwikkeling stress-respons ..........................................................................................................40
Adaptatie van stress-respons .........................................................................................................40
HORMONEN EN EMOTIES .........................................................................................................................41
Emoties ........................................................................................................................................41
Het limbisch systeem ....................................................................................................................41
Geslachtshormonen en emotie ......................................................................................................41
Dual Hormone Theory van agressie – interactie tussen geslacht- en stresshormonen.........................41
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................42
COLLEGE 8 – HOORCOLLEGE ONTWIKKELINGSSTOORNISSEN ......................................................... 43
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................43
INTRO .................................................................................................................................................43
VOORAF ..............................................................................................................................................43
Disclaimer ....................................................................................................................................43
Herhaling info structurele MRI ........................................................................................................43
AUTISME .............................................................................................................................................44
Het brein van mensen met autisme.................................................................................................44
ADHD ...............................................................................................................................................45
Belangrijkste kenmerken: ...............................................................................................................45
Neurobiologie van mensen met ADHD ............................................................................................45
DYSLEXIE.............................................................................................................................................47
Belangrijkste kenmerken ................................................................................................................47
3 theorieën over dyslexie ................................................................................................................47
ODD & CD .........................................................................................................................................48
Belangrijkste kenmerken ................................................................................................................48
Neurochemie ................................................................................................................................48
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................49
COLLEGE 9 – HOORCOLLEGE SLAAP ................................................................................................ 51
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................51
DE BIOLOGISCHE KLOK ............................................................................................................................51
Suprachiasmatische kern ...............................................................................................................51
SLAAP ................................................................................................................................................51
Functie van slaap ..........................................................................................................................51
Slaapdeprivatie .............................................................................................................................52
Slaap-EEG.....................................................................................................................................52
Slaapfases ....................................................................................................................................53
Slaapfases ....................................................................................................................................53
DROMEN .............................................................................................................................................53
Slaapstoornissen ...........................................................................................................................54
Slaap en psychopathologie ............................................................................................................54
ONTWIKKELING SLAAP ............................................................................................................................54
Ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................54
Slaap en hersenontwikkeling ..........................................................................................................55
Slaap en puberteit .........................................................................................................................55
3
Hoorcollege en
Literatuursamenvatting
Voorderhake, E. (Eline)
[BEDRIJFSNAAM]
,Inhoudsopgave
COLLEGE 1 – HOORCOLLEGE INTRO & ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ....................................................... 5
LEERDOELEN ALGEMEEN........................................................................................................................... 5
LEERDOELEN DIT COLLEGE ........................................................................................................................ 5
ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ......................................................................................................................... 5
Waarom willen we weten hoe ons brein werkt? ................................................................................. 5
Onderzoek doen naar de hersenen .................................................................................................. 5
Structuur; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) .................................................................................. 6
Structuur; Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) .......................................................................................... 6
Functie; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) ................................................................................... 6
Functie; Electoencephalography (EEG) ............................................................................................ 7
Functie; Manipulaties ..................................................................................................................... 7
AFKORTINGEN........................................................................................................................................ 7
COLLEGE 2 – HOORCOLLEGE ANATOMIE............................................................................................ 8
LEERDOELEN ......................................................................................................................................... 8
EVOLUTIE ............................................................................................................................................. 8
ANATOMIE VAN HET CENTRAAL ZENUWSTELSEL ............................................................................................... 8
Hersenen; oriëntatie ....................................................................................................................... 8
Hersenen; neuronen ....................................................................................................................... 8
Hersenen; opbouw ......................................................................................................................... 9
Hersenen; Cerebrale cortex; Lobes (kwabben) ................................................................................10
Hersenen; Cerebrale cortex; Limbisch systeem ...............................................................................10
Hersenen; Cerebrale cortex; basale ganglia.....................................................................................10
Hersenen; Hersenstam; Thalamus en hypothalamus .......................................................................10
Hersenen; Hersenstam; Tectum & Tegmentun .................................................................................11
Hersenen; Hersenstam; Pons en Medulla ........................................................................................11
Hersenen; Cerebellum ...................................................................................................................11
Ruggenmerg ..................................................................................................................................11
ANATOMIE PERIFEER ZENUWSTELSEL ..........................................................................................................11
Somatisch Zenuwstelsel; Motorisch en Sensorisch .........................................................................11
Autonoom Zenuwstelsel; Sympatisch en Parasympatisch ................................................................12
ANATOMIE ENTERISCH ZENUWSTELSEL ........................................................................................................12
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................12
COLLEGE 3 – HOORCOLLEGE NEURALE COMMUNICATIE .................................................................. 13
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................13
COMMUNICATIE TUSSEN NEURONEN ...........................................................................................................13
Stappen neuronale communicatie ..................................................................................................13
ACTIEPOTENTIAAL ..................................................................................................................................14
Natuurkundige en scheikundige principes .......................................................................................14
Rustpotentiaal ...............................................................................................................................14
Verstoring van de rustpotentiaal .....................................................................................................15
Actiepotentiaal ..............................................................................................................................15
Myeline .........................................................................................................................................15
NEUROTRANSMISSIE ...............................................................................................................................16
Wat is een neurotransmitter? .........................................................................................................16
Anatomie van de synapse...............................................................................................................16
Vijf stappen van neurotransmissie ..................................................................................................16
Soorten synapsen ..........................................................................................................................17
Soorten receptoren........................................................................................................................17
Soorten neurotransmitter: Chemie .................................................................................................17
Neurotransmitter en gedrag............................................................................................................17
Neurotransmitter en gedrag – Perideer zenuwstelsel ........................................................................18
Neurotransmitters en gedrag – Centrale zenuwstelsel ......................................................................18
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................18
COLLEGE 4 – HOORCOLLEGE ONTWIKKELING ................................................................................. 19
1
, LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................19
ONTWIKKELING ZENUWSTELSEL .................................................................................................................19
ONTWIKKELING NEURONEN ......................................................................................................................19
Groei en ontwikkeling neuronen......................................................................................................19
Wanneer gebeurt wat? ...................................................................................................................21
VERSTORING VAN PRENATALE HERSENONTWIKKELING ......................................................................................21
Omgevingsfactoren .......................................................................................................................21
PLASTICITEIT.........................................................................................................................................21
Plasticiteit neemt af over tijd ..........................................................................................................21
2 VORMENDE FASEN; BABY-KLEUTER & ADOLESCENTIE ....................................................................................22
Gevoelige perioden ........................................................................................................................22
Vormende fasen ............................................................................................................................22
Baby-kleuter ..................................................................................................................................22
Adolescentie .................................................................................................................................23
COLLEGE 5 – HOORCOLLEGE PERCEPTIE ......................................................................................... 24
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................24
ALGEMENE PRINCIPES .............................................................................................................................24
VISIE ..................................................................................................................................................24
Fotoreceptoren .............................................................................................................................24
Retinale ganglioncellen ..................................................................................................................25
Visuele paden ...............................................................................................................................25
Visuele paden – Geniculostriate pad ...............................................................................................25
Occipitaal kwab ............................................................................................................................25
Dorsaal en ventrale visuele stromen ...............................................................................................26
Locatie..........................................................................................................................................26
Schade aan visueel systeem – V1 ...................................................................................................26
Schade aan visueel systeem – Dorsale en Ventrale stroom ...............................................................26
GEHOOR .............................................................................................................................................27
Wat is geluid? ................................................................................................................................27
Anatomie van het auditieve systeem ...............................................................................................27
Auditieve cortex .............................................................................................................................28
Neurale activiteit in auditief systeem – toonhoogte en luidheid .........................................................28
Neurale activiteit in auditief systeem – Locatie .................................................................................28
Taal...............................................................................................................................................28
BEWEGING EN TACTIELE INFORMATIEVERWERKING ..........................................................................................29
Direct samenspel sensorische en motorneuronen: reflexen .............................................................29
Corticale motor systemen ..............................................................................................................29
De motorcortex .............................................................................................................................29
Corticospinale baan ......................................................................................................................29
Beweging ......................................................................................................................................30
Somatosensorische perceptie ........................................................................................................30
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................31
COLLEGE 6 – HOORCOLLEGE LEREN & GEHEUGEN .......................................................................... 32
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................32
LEREN & GEHEUGEN ..............................................................................................................................32
Wat is geheugen? ..........................................................................................................................32
Typen geheugen ............................................................................................................................32
Wat is er nodig om een herinnering te maken? .................................................................................32
GEHEUGEN IN HET BREIN .........................................................................................................................33
Expliciet geheugen .........................................................................................................................33
Impliciet geheugen ........................................................................................................................34
Emotioneel geheugen ....................................................................................................................34
Geheugen op synaps-level .............................................................................................................35
PRAKTISCHE TOEPASSING.........................................................................................................................35
Reconsolidatie ..............................................................................................................................35
SCHOOL-NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE .................................................................................................................36
Educational Neuroscience .............................................................................................................36
2
, Neuromythes ................................................................................................................................37
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................37
COLLEGE 7 – HOORCOLLEGE HORMONEN, STRESS EN EMOTIE ........................................................ 38
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................38
HET ENDOCRIEN SYSTEEM ........................................................................................................................38
Homeostase .................................................................................................................................38
Geslachtshormonen: HPG-AS ........................................................................................................38
Prenatale geslachtsdifferentiatie ....................................................................................................39
Puberteit .......................................................................................................................................39
Activerende effecten geslachtshormonen .......................................................................................39
Cortisol .........................................................................................................................................39
Stress ...........................................................................................................................................40
Hippocampus ...............................................................................................................................40
Ontwikkeling stress-respons ..........................................................................................................40
Adaptatie van stress-respons .........................................................................................................40
HORMONEN EN EMOTIES .........................................................................................................................41
Emoties ........................................................................................................................................41
Het limbisch systeem ....................................................................................................................41
Geslachtshormonen en emotie ......................................................................................................41
Dual Hormone Theory van agressie – interactie tussen geslacht- en stresshormonen.........................41
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................42
COLLEGE 8 – HOORCOLLEGE ONTWIKKELINGSSTOORNISSEN ......................................................... 43
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................43
INTRO .................................................................................................................................................43
VOORAF ..............................................................................................................................................43
Disclaimer ....................................................................................................................................43
Herhaling info structurele MRI ........................................................................................................43
AUTISME .............................................................................................................................................44
Het brein van mensen met autisme.................................................................................................44
ADHD ...............................................................................................................................................45
Belangrijkste kenmerken: ...............................................................................................................45
Neurobiologie van mensen met ADHD ............................................................................................45
DYSLEXIE.............................................................................................................................................47
Belangrijkste kenmerken ................................................................................................................47
3 theorieën over dyslexie ................................................................................................................47
ODD & CD .........................................................................................................................................48
Belangrijkste kenmerken ................................................................................................................48
Neurochemie ................................................................................................................................48
AFKORTINGEN.......................................................................................................................................49
COLLEGE 9 – HOORCOLLEGE SLAAP ................................................................................................ 51
LEERDOELEN ........................................................................................................................................51
DE BIOLOGISCHE KLOK ............................................................................................................................51
Suprachiasmatische kern ...............................................................................................................51
SLAAP ................................................................................................................................................51
Functie van slaap ..........................................................................................................................51
Slaapdeprivatie .............................................................................................................................52
Slaap-EEG.....................................................................................................................................52
Slaapfases ....................................................................................................................................53
Slaapfases ....................................................................................................................................53
DROMEN .............................................................................................................................................53
Slaapstoornissen ...........................................................................................................................54
Slaap en psychopathologie ............................................................................................................54
ONTWIKKELING SLAAP ............................................................................................................................54
Ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................54
Slaap en hersenontwikkeling ..........................................................................................................55
Slaap en puberteit .........................................................................................................................55
3
