Sociologisch
perspectief op
Periode 1 2024
criminaliteit
Hoorcolleges
Voorderhake, E. (Eline)
RADBOUD UNIVERSITEIT
,Inhoudsopgave
HC 1 – INLEIDING (03-09)................................................................................5
INHOUDELIJKE INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................... 5
Sociologisch perspectief.............................................................................................. 5
WAT IS CRIMINALITEIT........................................................................................................... 5
Wettelijke definitie...................................................................................................... 5
Consensus-benadering................................................................................................ 6
Conflictbenadering...................................................................................................... 8
Hedendaagse benadering........................................................................................... 8
Integratieve benaderingen: Pyramide/ prisma criminaliteit.........................................9
CRIMES OF THE POWERLESS, CRIMES OF THE POWERFUL............................................................10
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 10
CRIMINOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 12
Definitie van criminologie......................................................................................... 12
Wat bestudeert criminologie.....................................................................................12
Is criminologie wetenschappelijk...............................................................................12
Is criminologie een (autonome) discipline.................................................................13
Wat is criminologie.................................................................................................... 14
DISCUSSIE-VRAGEN................................................................................................... 14
Victimologie.............................................................................................................. 14
HC 2 – AARD EN OMVANG VAN CRIMINALITEIT................................................15
INHOUD........................................................................................................................... 15
SLACHTOFFERENQUÊTES...................................................................................................... 15
GEREGISTREERDE CRIMINALITEIT POLITIECIJFERS.......................................................................16
ZELFRAPPORTAGE DADERS................................................................................................... 17
GERECHTELIJKE STATISTIEKEN............................................................................................... 17
SELECTIVITEIT IN DE STRAFRECHTSPLEGING.............................................................................18
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELINGEN............................................................................................... 19
VEILIGHEID EN VEILIGHEIDSBELEVING.....................................................................................21
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELING INTERNATIONAAL...........................................................................21
ONTWIKKELING CRIMINALITEIT EN ONVEILIGHEID.......................................................................22
Verklaringen voor ontwikkeling.................................................................................22
HC 3 – VERKLARINGEN VOOR CRIMINALITEIT..................................................23
ECONOMISCHE BENADERINGEN............................................................................................. 23
Labels theorieën, sub theorieën................................................................................23
Gedeelde kernideeën & assumpties..........................................................................23
Klassieke theorie....................................................................................................... 23
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies.......................................................................24
(Moderne) Rationele keuze theorie...........................................................................26
Routine-activiteiten theorie.......................................................................................26
BIOLOGISCHE EN BIOSOCIALE BENADERINGEN..........................................................................27
Biologische en biosociale verklaringstheorieën.........................................................27
Positieve school: aangeboren misdaad.....................................................................27
Variatie in benadering en assumpties.......................................................................28
Kritiek op biologische criminologie............................................................................29
Moderne stromingen in biosociale criminologie........................................................29
Hedendaagse stromingen in biosociale criminologie.................................................30
Recapitulatie biosociale criminologie........................................................................30
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Beccaria................................................32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Bentham...............................................32
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies: denken over straffen & rehabilitatie.............33
Kritiek op moderne rationele keuze theorie & situationele keuze (routine activities)
theorie...................................................................................................................... 33
1
,HC 4 – SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN....................................................................34
SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN OVERKOEPELEND..............................................................................34
Sociale procestheorieën vs. andere theorieën?.........................................................34
Concrete gedeelde aannames & uitgangspunten.....................................................34
Subtheorieën binnen cluster sociale leertheorieën...................................................35
DIFFERENTIËLE ASSOCIATIETHEORIE.......................................................................................35
9 toetsbare proposities differentiële associatietheorie..............................................35
Andere groepen met afwijkende normen mbt deviant gedrag?................................36
Differentiële associatietheorie: kritiek.......................................................................36
NEUTRALISATIE-THEORIE & DRIFT.......................................................................................... 37
Neutralisatie theorie technieken...............................................................................37
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 39
Cognitieve sociale leertheorie (Bandura)..................................................................39
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................39
Kerngedachten leertheorieën kort samengevat........................................................39
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën......................................................................40
HC 5 – CONTROLETHEORIEËN........................................................................41
CONTROLETHEORIEËN INKADEREN......................................................................................... 41
Sociale procestheorieën............................................................................................ 41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën?......................................................................................41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën & andere theorieën?......................................................41
GEDEELDE ASSUMPTIES & UITGANGSPUNTEN CONTROLETHEORIEËN..............................................41
Welke sub-theorieën binnen cluster sociale controletheorieën?................................42
SOCIALE CONTROLETHOERIEËN............................................................................................. 42
2 typen/ versies sociale controle-theorieën:..............................................................42
Hirschi’s sociale controletheorie..............................................................................42
ZELFCONTROLETHEORIE (HIRSCHI & GOTTFREDSON)................................................................43
Oorzaken lage zelfcontrole:......................................................................................44
CONTROLETHEORIEËN IN ONDERZOEK....................................................................................44
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 45
Kerngedachten controletheorie(ën) kort samengevat...............................................45
Vergeleken met vs. andere theorieën.......................................................................45
Toepassing controletheorieën en andere theorieën:.................................................46
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................46
Controletheorieën in beleid/ praktijk.........................................................................46
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 47
HC 6 – SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE EN CULTURELE THEORIEËN & LABELING THEORIE
................................................................................................................... 47
SOCIALE REACTIETHEORIE.................................................................................................... 47
Labeling theorie........................................................................................................ 47
Voorloper op Etiketteringstheorie..............................................................................48
Lemert’s Primary and Secondary Deviance...............................................................48
Etikketteringstheorie: Howard Becker’s Interactionist Theory...................................48
Goffman’s stigma and Total Institutions....................................................................50
Braitwaite’s reintegrative shaming...........................................................................50
Media, beeldvorming en stigmatisering....................................................................50
Beleidsimplicaties van de Labeling theorie...............................................................50
SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN......................................................................................... 51
‘Crimes of place’ en clusteren van criminaliteit op bepaalde plekken.......................51
‘Crimes of place’ Chicago school of human ecology..................................................51
Chicago school concentrische zone theorie...............................................................52
Sociaal desorganisatietheorie (ontwrichting)............................................................52
Voortzetting ecologische school. Broken windows theorie........................................53
Sociale desorganisatietheorie. Criminaliteit in stad en buurt in NL...........................53
CULTURELE (CONFLICT) THEORIEËN EN DEVIANTIE.....................................................................54
(Sub)Culturele benadering in de criminologie..........................................................54
AFSLUITEND: KERNWAARDEN THEORIEËN................................................................................55
2
, Labeling.................................................................................................................... 55
Crimes of place......................................................................................................... 55
Culture conflict.......................................................................................................... 56
HC 7 – ANOMIE- EN SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN....................................................57
ANOMIE- & SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN (OVERKOEPELEND)...............................................................57
Cultureel bepaalde doelen?.......................................................................................57
Anomie- & spanningstheorieën vs. andere theorieën?..............................................57
Kerngedachten/ -assumpties.....................................................................................57
DURKHEIM’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE)..............................................58
Verklaringen in een notendop...................................................................................58
MERTON’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE).................................................59
Verklaring in notendop.............................................................................................. 59
MODERNE VERSIES SPANNINGSTHEORIE..................................................................................60
Albert Cohen’s subculturele spanningstheorie..........................................................60
Cloward & Ohlin subculturele spanningstheorie........................................................61
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE/ TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING....................................................61
Kerngedachten theorie(ën) kort samengevat............................................................61
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën?.....................................................................62
Durkheim’s anomietheorie: verklaring in extended notendop..................................62
Kritiek op Merton’s anomietheorie............................................................................62
TOEPASSING IN ONDERZOEK................................................................................................. 62
SAMENVATTING ‘KEY POINTS’................................................................................................ 63
HC8 – CONFLICT- & RADICALE THEORIEËN......................................................63
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN EN RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE.............................................63
Kapitalisme als een criminogene samenleving..........................................................63
Kenmerken (overeenkomsten) Conflict- en radicale criminologie.............................64
Consequenties voor benadering van vraagstukken in criminologie..........................65
Onderscheid (verschillen) conflict- en radicale theorie.............................................66
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE...............................................................................66
The roots of conflict theorie......................................................................................66
Hedendaags.............................................................................................................. 68
Beleidsimplicaties van de conflicttheorie..................................................................69
RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE..............................................................................69
The roots of radical theory........................................................................................69
Hedendaags. Contemporary radical criminology.......................................................70
Hedendaags. Evaluatie van de radicale theorie........................................................72
Recapitulatie............................................................................................................. 72
HC 9 – RECENTE KRITISCHE THEORIEËN IN CRIMINOLOGIE & VICTIMOLOGIE.....74
NIEUWE THEORETISCHE RICHTINGEN IN KRITISCHE CRIMINOLOGIE.................................................74
Hoezo kritisch?.......................................................................................................... 74
Kritische stromingen in vogelvlucht..........................................................................74
Constitutive criminology. Twee typen........................................................................75
Cultural criminology.................................................................................................. 75
Anarchism: Abolitionism, Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice...............................75
Critical race theorie (CRT).........................................................................................76
Left realism............................................................................................................... 76
4 Interacterende elementen die criminaliteit bepalen...............................................77
Evaluatie van links realisme binnen nieuwe richtingen in kritische criminologie.......77
VICTIMOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 78
Wat is victimologie?.................................................................................................. 78
Wat is victimologie als wetenschap...........................................................................78
Aandacht voor slachtofferschap................................................................................78
Restortative justice................................................................................................... 79
HC 10 – TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING...............................................................81
LEERDOELEN..................................................................................................................... 81
3
, TENTAMEN........................................................................................................................ 82
GC1 –........................................................................................................... 83
HET (BOVEN) LOKALE NETWERK IN PADDENPOEL ONTLEEFD........................................................83
Deskresearch............................................................................................................ 83
Interviews................................................................................................................. 84
Netwerkanalyse........................................................................................................ 84
Suggesties voor aanpak............................................................................................85
MISMATCH ZEDENDELICTEN NA CONTACT VIA DATINGAPPS..........................................................85
Achtergrond, onderzoeksvraag en methodiek...........................................................85
Deskresearch............................................................................................................ 86
Analyses van politieregistraties................................................................................86
Modus operandi........................................................................................................ 86
Suggesties voor de aanpak.......................................................................................88
GC 2 – ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME AND GREEN CRIMINOLOGY..............................89
EXPLOSION OF OFFSHORE DRILLING RIG..................................................................................89
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME IN THE NETHERLANDS.........................................................................89
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME IN THE EU........................................................................................89
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME ACROSS THE GLOBE............................................................................90
THE FIRST GREEN CRIMINOLOGISTS........................................................................................90
Environmental movement......................................................................................... 90
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY....................................................................................................... 90
LEGAL PERSPECTIVE........................................................................................................... 91
Environmental crimes: definition..............................................................................91
DUTCH DEFINITION: ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME............................................................................91
HARM PERSPECTIVE......................................................................................92
THE COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME...................................................................................94
CLIMATE CHANGE............................................................................................................... 94
GC3 – LEVENSLOOPCRIMINOLGIE...................................................................95
CONCLUSIES..................................................................................................................... 98
4
,HC 1 – Inleiding (03-09)
Een theorie hoeft niet een fenomeen helemaal te verklaren kan een
deelverklaring zijn
Inhoudelijke introductie
Sociologisch perspectief
Sociologisch perspectief we focussen op theorieën die je sociologisch
kunt noemen
“What does it mean when you want to use a sociological perspective to
study human behavior? It means that you consider the role social
contexts play in shaping behavior rather than focusing on individual
characteristics like personality” (Van Tubergen, 2020: p9, emphasis added)
Het sociologisch perspectief focust op de rol van sociale contexten
(sociale groepen of breder) i.p.v. op rol van individuele factoren
Wat is criminaliteit
- Criminaliteit (crimineel gedrag); hoe kunnen we dat
definiëren?
Waarom überhaupt deze vraag? Bepaald welk soort gedragingen
meegenomen worden in onderzoek en welke soort gedragingen buiten
beeld blijven
Verschillende definities/ benaderingen...
... die verschillende antwoorden geven op de vraag ‘Wat is nou (wel/niet)
criminaliteit?’
1. Wettelijke definitie
2. Consensus-benadering
3. Conflict-benaderingen
4. Hedendaagse benaderingen: sociale constructie, postmodernisme
5. ‘Integratieve benaderingen’: pyramide van criminaliteit, prisma van
criminaliteit
Wettelijke definitie
- Tappan’s (1947) klassieke definitie criminaliteit: schending v/d
strafwet Criminaliteit is alleen datgene wat strafbaar is
↳ Iemand alleen crimineel als hij ook volgens de wet strafbaar is
- Nog steeds) gebruikt door sommigen (zie o.a. Bohm, 1993; Kramer,
1982)
- Maar er is ook kritiek vanuit het veld
o = in grote lijnen ‘te beperkte visie’
5
perspectief op
Periode 1 2024
criminaliteit
Hoorcolleges
Voorderhake, E. (Eline)
RADBOUD UNIVERSITEIT
,Inhoudsopgave
HC 1 – INLEIDING (03-09)................................................................................5
INHOUDELIJKE INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................... 5
Sociologisch perspectief.............................................................................................. 5
WAT IS CRIMINALITEIT........................................................................................................... 5
Wettelijke definitie...................................................................................................... 5
Consensus-benadering................................................................................................ 6
Conflictbenadering...................................................................................................... 8
Hedendaagse benadering........................................................................................... 8
Integratieve benaderingen: Pyramide/ prisma criminaliteit.........................................9
CRIMES OF THE POWERLESS, CRIMES OF THE POWERFUL............................................................10
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 10
CRIMINOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 12
Definitie van criminologie......................................................................................... 12
Wat bestudeert criminologie.....................................................................................12
Is criminologie wetenschappelijk...............................................................................12
Is criminologie een (autonome) discipline.................................................................13
Wat is criminologie.................................................................................................... 14
DISCUSSIE-VRAGEN................................................................................................... 14
Victimologie.............................................................................................................. 14
HC 2 – AARD EN OMVANG VAN CRIMINALITEIT................................................15
INHOUD........................................................................................................................... 15
SLACHTOFFERENQUÊTES...................................................................................................... 15
GEREGISTREERDE CRIMINALITEIT POLITIECIJFERS.......................................................................16
ZELFRAPPORTAGE DADERS................................................................................................... 17
GERECHTELIJKE STATISTIEKEN............................................................................................... 17
SELECTIVITEIT IN DE STRAFRECHTSPLEGING.............................................................................18
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELINGEN............................................................................................... 19
VEILIGHEID EN VEILIGHEIDSBELEVING.....................................................................................21
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELING INTERNATIONAAL...........................................................................21
ONTWIKKELING CRIMINALITEIT EN ONVEILIGHEID.......................................................................22
Verklaringen voor ontwikkeling.................................................................................22
HC 3 – VERKLARINGEN VOOR CRIMINALITEIT..................................................23
ECONOMISCHE BENADERINGEN............................................................................................. 23
Labels theorieën, sub theorieën................................................................................23
Gedeelde kernideeën & assumpties..........................................................................23
Klassieke theorie....................................................................................................... 23
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies.......................................................................24
(Moderne) Rationele keuze theorie...........................................................................26
Routine-activiteiten theorie.......................................................................................26
BIOLOGISCHE EN BIOSOCIALE BENADERINGEN..........................................................................27
Biologische en biosociale verklaringstheorieën.........................................................27
Positieve school: aangeboren misdaad.....................................................................27
Variatie in benadering en assumpties.......................................................................28
Kritiek op biologische criminologie............................................................................29
Moderne stromingen in biosociale criminologie........................................................29
Hedendaagse stromingen in biosociale criminologie.................................................30
Recapitulatie biosociale criminologie........................................................................30
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Beccaria................................................32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Bentham...............................................32
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies: denken over straffen & rehabilitatie.............33
Kritiek op moderne rationele keuze theorie & situationele keuze (routine activities)
theorie...................................................................................................................... 33
1
,HC 4 – SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN....................................................................34
SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN OVERKOEPELEND..............................................................................34
Sociale procestheorieën vs. andere theorieën?.........................................................34
Concrete gedeelde aannames & uitgangspunten.....................................................34
Subtheorieën binnen cluster sociale leertheorieën...................................................35
DIFFERENTIËLE ASSOCIATIETHEORIE.......................................................................................35
9 toetsbare proposities differentiële associatietheorie..............................................35
Andere groepen met afwijkende normen mbt deviant gedrag?................................36
Differentiële associatietheorie: kritiek.......................................................................36
NEUTRALISATIE-THEORIE & DRIFT.......................................................................................... 37
Neutralisatie theorie technieken...............................................................................37
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 39
Cognitieve sociale leertheorie (Bandura)..................................................................39
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................39
Kerngedachten leertheorieën kort samengevat........................................................39
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën......................................................................40
HC 5 – CONTROLETHEORIEËN........................................................................41
CONTROLETHEORIEËN INKADEREN......................................................................................... 41
Sociale procestheorieën............................................................................................ 41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën?......................................................................................41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën & andere theorieën?......................................................41
GEDEELDE ASSUMPTIES & UITGANGSPUNTEN CONTROLETHEORIEËN..............................................41
Welke sub-theorieën binnen cluster sociale controletheorieën?................................42
SOCIALE CONTROLETHOERIEËN............................................................................................. 42
2 typen/ versies sociale controle-theorieën:..............................................................42
Hirschi’s sociale controletheorie..............................................................................42
ZELFCONTROLETHEORIE (HIRSCHI & GOTTFREDSON)................................................................43
Oorzaken lage zelfcontrole:......................................................................................44
CONTROLETHEORIEËN IN ONDERZOEK....................................................................................44
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 45
Kerngedachten controletheorie(ën) kort samengevat...............................................45
Vergeleken met vs. andere theorieën.......................................................................45
Toepassing controletheorieën en andere theorieën:.................................................46
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................46
Controletheorieën in beleid/ praktijk.........................................................................46
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 47
HC 6 – SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE EN CULTURELE THEORIEËN & LABELING THEORIE
................................................................................................................... 47
SOCIALE REACTIETHEORIE.................................................................................................... 47
Labeling theorie........................................................................................................ 47
Voorloper op Etiketteringstheorie..............................................................................48
Lemert’s Primary and Secondary Deviance...............................................................48
Etikketteringstheorie: Howard Becker’s Interactionist Theory...................................48
Goffman’s stigma and Total Institutions....................................................................50
Braitwaite’s reintegrative shaming...........................................................................50
Media, beeldvorming en stigmatisering....................................................................50
Beleidsimplicaties van de Labeling theorie...............................................................50
SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN......................................................................................... 51
‘Crimes of place’ en clusteren van criminaliteit op bepaalde plekken.......................51
‘Crimes of place’ Chicago school of human ecology..................................................51
Chicago school concentrische zone theorie...............................................................52
Sociaal desorganisatietheorie (ontwrichting)............................................................52
Voortzetting ecologische school. Broken windows theorie........................................53
Sociale desorganisatietheorie. Criminaliteit in stad en buurt in NL...........................53
CULTURELE (CONFLICT) THEORIEËN EN DEVIANTIE.....................................................................54
(Sub)Culturele benadering in de criminologie..........................................................54
AFSLUITEND: KERNWAARDEN THEORIEËN................................................................................55
2
, Labeling.................................................................................................................... 55
Crimes of place......................................................................................................... 55
Culture conflict.......................................................................................................... 56
HC 7 – ANOMIE- EN SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN....................................................57
ANOMIE- & SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN (OVERKOEPELEND)...............................................................57
Cultureel bepaalde doelen?.......................................................................................57
Anomie- & spanningstheorieën vs. andere theorieën?..............................................57
Kerngedachten/ -assumpties.....................................................................................57
DURKHEIM’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE)..............................................58
Verklaringen in een notendop...................................................................................58
MERTON’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE).................................................59
Verklaring in notendop.............................................................................................. 59
MODERNE VERSIES SPANNINGSTHEORIE..................................................................................60
Albert Cohen’s subculturele spanningstheorie..........................................................60
Cloward & Ohlin subculturele spanningstheorie........................................................61
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE/ TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING....................................................61
Kerngedachten theorie(ën) kort samengevat............................................................61
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën?.....................................................................62
Durkheim’s anomietheorie: verklaring in extended notendop..................................62
Kritiek op Merton’s anomietheorie............................................................................62
TOEPASSING IN ONDERZOEK................................................................................................. 62
SAMENVATTING ‘KEY POINTS’................................................................................................ 63
HC8 – CONFLICT- & RADICALE THEORIEËN......................................................63
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN EN RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE.............................................63
Kapitalisme als een criminogene samenleving..........................................................63
Kenmerken (overeenkomsten) Conflict- en radicale criminologie.............................64
Consequenties voor benadering van vraagstukken in criminologie..........................65
Onderscheid (verschillen) conflict- en radicale theorie.............................................66
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE...............................................................................66
The roots of conflict theorie......................................................................................66
Hedendaags.............................................................................................................. 68
Beleidsimplicaties van de conflicttheorie..................................................................69
RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE..............................................................................69
The roots of radical theory........................................................................................69
Hedendaags. Contemporary radical criminology.......................................................70
Hedendaags. Evaluatie van de radicale theorie........................................................72
Recapitulatie............................................................................................................. 72
HC 9 – RECENTE KRITISCHE THEORIEËN IN CRIMINOLOGIE & VICTIMOLOGIE.....74
NIEUWE THEORETISCHE RICHTINGEN IN KRITISCHE CRIMINOLOGIE.................................................74
Hoezo kritisch?.......................................................................................................... 74
Kritische stromingen in vogelvlucht..........................................................................74
Constitutive criminology. Twee typen........................................................................75
Cultural criminology.................................................................................................. 75
Anarchism: Abolitionism, Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice...............................75
Critical race theorie (CRT).........................................................................................76
Left realism............................................................................................................... 76
4 Interacterende elementen die criminaliteit bepalen...............................................77
Evaluatie van links realisme binnen nieuwe richtingen in kritische criminologie.......77
VICTIMOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 78
Wat is victimologie?.................................................................................................. 78
Wat is victimologie als wetenschap...........................................................................78
Aandacht voor slachtofferschap................................................................................78
Restortative justice................................................................................................... 79
HC 10 – TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING...............................................................81
LEERDOELEN..................................................................................................................... 81
3
, TENTAMEN........................................................................................................................ 82
GC1 –........................................................................................................... 83
HET (BOVEN) LOKALE NETWERK IN PADDENPOEL ONTLEEFD........................................................83
Deskresearch............................................................................................................ 83
Interviews................................................................................................................. 84
Netwerkanalyse........................................................................................................ 84
Suggesties voor aanpak............................................................................................85
MISMATCH ZEDENDELICTEN NA CONTACT VIA DATINGAPPS..........................................................85
Achtergrond, onderzoeksvraag en methodiek...........................................................85
Deskresearch............................................................................................................ 86
Analyses van politieregistraties................................................................................86
Modus operandi........................................................................................................ 86
Suggesties voor de aanpak.......................................................................................88
GC 2 – ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME AND GREEN CRIMINOLOGY..............................89
EXPLOSION OF OFFSHORE DRILLING RIG..................................................................................89
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME IN THE NETHERLANDS.........................................................................89
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME IN THE EU........................................................................................89
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME ACROSS THE GLOBE............................................................................90
THE FIRST GREEN CRIMINOLOGISTS........................................................................................90
Environmental movement......................................................................................... 90
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY....................................................................................................... 90
LEGAL PERSPECTIVE........................................................................................................... 91
Environmental crimes: definition..............................................................................91
DUTCH DEFINITION: ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME............................................................................91
HARM PERSPECTIVE......................................................................................92
THE COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME...................................................................................94
CLIMATE CHANGE............................................................................................................... 94
GC3 – LEVENSLOOPCRIMINOLGIE...................................................................95
CONCLUSIES..................................................................................................................... 98
4
,HC 1 – Inleiding (03-09)
Een theorie hoeft niet een fenomeen helemaal te verklaren kan een
deelverklaring zijn
Inhoudelijke introductie
Sociologisch perspectief
Sociologisch perspectief we focussen op theorieën die je sociologisch
kunt noemen
“What does it mean when you want to use a sociological perspective to
study human behavior? It means that you consider the role social
contexts play in shaping behavior rather than focusing on individual
characteristics like personality” (Van Tubergen, 2020: p9, emphasis added)
Het sociologisch perspectief focust op de rol van sociale contexten
(sociale groepen of breder) i.p.v. op rol van individuele factoren
Wat is criminaliteit
- Criminaliteit (crimineel gedrag); hoe kunnen we dat
definiëren?
Waarom überhaupt deze vraag? Bepaald welk soort gedragingen
meegenomen worden in onderzoek en welke soort gedragingen buiten
beeld blijven
Verschillende definities/ benaderingen...
... die verschillende antwoorden geven op de vraag ‘Wat is nou (wel/niet)
criminaliteit?’
1. Wettelijke definitie
2. Consensus-benadering
3. Conflict-benaderingen
4. Hedendaagse benaderingen: sociale constructie, postmodernisme
5. ‘Integratieve benaderingen’: pyramide van criminaliteit, prisma van
criminaliteit
Wettelijke definitie
- Tappan’s (1947) klassieke definitie criminaliteit: schending v/d
strafwet Criminaliteit is alleen datgene wat strafbaar is
↳ Iemand alleen crimineel als hij ook volgens de wet strafbaar is
- Nog steeds) gebruikt door sommigen (zie o.a. Bohm, 1993; Kramer,
1982)
- Maar er is ook kritiek vanuit het veld
o = in grote lijnen ‘te beperkte visie’
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