GCU BIO 181 Exam 2 – Practice Questions, Study Guide & Biology
Exam Review 2026
Catabolism - ANS ✔✔Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
Anabolism - ANS ✔✔Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
1st law of thermodynamics - ANS ✔✔The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be
transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd law of thermodynamics - ANS ✔✔Every energy transfer or transformation increases the
entropy of the universe.
Entropy - ANS ✔✔A measure of disorder or randomness.
Free energy coupling and ATP - ANS ✔✔Free energy converts ATP to ADP.
Potential energy - ANS ✔✔stored energy
Kinetic energy - ANS ✔✔energy of motion
Endorgonic - ANS ✔✔a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings EX:
Photosynthesis
Exorgonic - ANS ✔✔a reaction that releases free energy to its surroundings EX: Repiration
Aerobic respiration - ANS ✔✔Respiration that requires oxygen
, Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) - ANS ✔✔Process by which cells release energy in the
absence of oxygen
Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration - ANS ✔✔removal of hydrogen atoms by redox
coenzymes FAD becomes FADH2 and NAD+ becomes NADH
Activation energy - ANS ✔✔Energy needed to get a reaction started
Enzymes - ANS ✔✔Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Active site - ANS ✔✔A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a
reaction.
Induced fit hypothesis - ANS ✔✔Partial binding of a substrate to an enzyme alters the structure
of the enzyme.
Competitive inhibition - ANS ✔✔substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with
the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibitor - ANS ✔✔A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by
binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer
binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition - ANS ✔✔End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an
enzyme within that pathway.
Cooperativity - ANS ✔✔Shape of enzyme is altered by the substrate .
Exam Review 2026
Catabolism - ANS ✔✔Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
Anabolism - ANS ✔✔Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
1st law of thermodynamics - ANS ✔✔The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be
transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd law of thermodynamics - ANS ✔✔Every energy transfer or transformation increases the
entropy of the universe.
Entropy - ANS ✔✔A measure of disorder or randomness.
Free energy coupling and ATP - ANS ✔✔Free energy converts ATP to ADP.
Potential energy - ANS ✔✔stored energy
Kinetic energy - ANS ✔✔energy of motion
Endorgonic - ANS ✔✔a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings EX:
Photosynthesis
Exorgonic - ANS ✔✔a reaction that releases free energy to its surroundings EX: Repiration
Aerobic respiration - ANS ✔✔Respiration that requires oxygen
, Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) - ANS ✔✔Process by which cells release energy in the
absence of oxygen
Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration - ANS ✔✔removal of hydrogen atoms by redox
coenzymes FAD becomes FADH2 and NAD+ becomes NADH
Activation energy - ANS ✔✔Energy needed to get a reaction started
Enzymes - ANS ✔✔Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Active site - ANS ✔✔A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a
reaction.
Induced fit hypothesis - ANS ✔✔Partial binding of a substrate to an enzyme alters the structure
of the enzyme.
Competitive inhibition - ANS ✔✔substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with
the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibitor - ANS ✔✔A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by
binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer
binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition - ANS ✔✔End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an
enzyme within that pathway.
Cooperativity - ANS ✔✔Shape of enzyme is altered by the substrate .
