GCU BIO 322 Exam 1 (Pathophysiology) – Practice Questions, Study
Guide & Exam Review 2026
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - correct answer ✔✔X-LINKED RECESSIVE
XmY = Affected
XmX = Female, Carrier
Gower sign
calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis
Increase in Creatine Kinase
Idiopathic - correct answer ✔✔unknown cause
Iatrogenic - correct answer ✔✔produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
Noscomial - correct answer ✔✔infection acquired in a hospital
2 most common nosocomial infections - correct answer ✔✔1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
Predisposing Factors - correct answer ✔✔age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity
SOAP - correct answer ✔✔subjective (chief complain), objective (vitals/physical exam),
assessment (diagnosis), plan
Hypertonic & Hypotonic - correct answer ✔✔Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex. dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
, 3 Electrolytes to know: - correct answer ✔✔Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
5 signs of inflammation - correct answer ✔✔heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Hyperemia - correct answer ✔✔redness of the skin due to increased blood flow, causes heat in
the area
Atrophy - correct answer ✔✔decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔increase in cell size, increased work demand on hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
Hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔increase in number of cells, increased rate of cellular division
ex. BPH, callus
Metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
Dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
Cell stressors = causes of cell injury - correct answer ✔✔- Hypoxic injury (lack of Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
Guide & Exam Review 2026
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - correct answer ✔✔X-LINKED RECESSIVE
XmY = Affected
XmX = Female, Carrier
Gower sign
calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis
Increase in Creatine Kinase
Idiopathic - correct answer ✔✔unknown cause
Iatrogenic - correct answer ✔✔produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
Noscomial - correct answer ✔✔infection acquired in a hospital
2 most common nosocomial infections - correct answer ✔✔1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
Predisposing Factors - correct answer ✔✔age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity
SOAP - correct answer ✔✔subjective (chief complain), objective (vitals/physical exam),
assessment (diagnosis), plan
Hypertonic & Hypotonic - correct answer ✔✔Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex. dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
, 3 Electrolytes to know: - correct answer ✔✔Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
5 signs of inflammation - correct answer ✔✔heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Hyperemia - correct answer ✔✔redness of the skin due to increased blood flow, causes heat in
the area
Atrophy - correct answer ✔✔decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔increase in cell size, increased work demand on hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
Hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔increase in number of cells, increased rate of cellular division
ex. BPH, callus
Metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
Dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
Cell stressors = causes of cell injury - correct answer ✔✔- Hypoxic injury (lack of Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
