advanced pathophysiology exam 1
verified with correct answers
2026/2027 version
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of
the cells organelles- correct answer>>>endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small
membrane- correct answer>>>Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and
urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction
that produces hydrogen peroxide.- correct answer>>>peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary
metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and
storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles- correct answer>>>cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization- correct answer>>>cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and
immobilized.- correct answer>>>paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it
function as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism.- correct
answer>>>autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells- correct
answer>>>neurotransmitter
are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the
bloodstream to produce a response in other set of cells- correct answer>>>hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety
of individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of
phospholipids.- correct answer>>>fluid mosaic model
second messenger- correct answer>>>are molecules that relay signals received at
receptors on the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and
they then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the
, cell. The two major pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and
Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G
protein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP
from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds
phosphate to specific protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work?- correct answer>>>Occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats,
and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an
area of lower solute concentration.- correct answer>>>diffusion
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell- correct answer>>>• Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than
do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of
DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid
filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell- correct
answer>>>Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter
the cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of
adjacent cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production- correct
answer>>>mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis- correct answer>>>ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main
function is cell division and control of genetic information- correct answer>>>nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins-
correct answer>>>nucleolus
verified with correct answers
2026/2027 version
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of
the cells organelles- correct answer>>>endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small
membrane- correct answer>>>Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and
urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction
that produces hydrogen peroxide.- correct answer>>>peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary
metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and
storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles- correct answer>>>cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization- correct answer>>>cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and
immobilized.- correct answer>>>paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it
function as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism.- correct
answer>>>autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells- correct
answer>>>neurotransmitter
are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the
bloodstream to produce a response in other set of cells- correct answer>>>hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety
of individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of
phospholipids.- correct answer>>>fluid mosaic model
second messenger- correct answer>>>are molecules that relay signals received at
receptors on the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and
they then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the
, cell. The two major pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and
Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G
protein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP
from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds
phosphate to specific protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work?- correct answer>>>Occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats,
and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an
area of lower solute concentration.- correct answer>>>diffusion
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell- correct answer>>>• Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than
do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of
DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid
filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell- correct
answer>>>Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter
the cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of
adjacent cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production- correct
answer>>>mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis- correct answer>>>ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main
function is cell division and control of genetic information- correct answer>>>nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins-
correct answer>>>nucleolus
