Anatomy and Physiology 1 Test 1 – Greenville Tech (Professor Elmore) Study Guide, Notes &
Practice Questions (2026 Updated)
Atom - correct answer ✔✔the smallest particle exhibiting chemical properties of an element
3 forms of matter - correct answer ✔✔solid, liquid, gas
Chemical compounds - correct answer ✔✔Stable associations between two or more elements
combined in a fixed ratio
Classified as Ionic or Molecular (Covalent)
Ionic compouds - correct answer ✔✔Structures composed of ions held together in a lattice by
ionic bonds
Ions - correct answer ✔✔significant physiological function
For example, K+ (potassium) is used in sports drinks to replace the K+ lost in sweat
For example, K+ in a large dose is used in some states for lethal injection
Cation - correct answer ✔✔Atom loses an electron thereby acquiring a positive charge
Ex. Na+ (sodium) reaches stability by donating an electron
Anion - correct answer ✔✔Atom gains an electron thereby acquiring a negative charge
Ex. Cl- (chlorine) reaches stability by gaining an electron
Polyatomic ions - correct answer ✔✔ions with more than one atom
Ex. HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion)
Ex. HPO43- (Phosphate ion)
,Ionic bonds - correct answer ✔✔Cations and Anions exchange electrons; bound by electrostatic
forces
Called salts
• For example, table salt (NaCl)
• Sodium and chlorine ions are held together by ionic bonds in a lattice crystal structure (ionic
compound)
Molecule - correct answer ✔✔Electrons are shared between atoms of the same element
Ex. Molecular Oxygen (O2)
Molecular Compound - correct answer ✔✔Electrons are shared between atoms of two or more
different elements
Ex. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Molecular formula - correct answer ✔✔Indicates number and type of atoms
Structural formula - correct answer ✔✔Indicates number and type as well as arranged of atoms
within a molecule
Water - correct answer ✔✔contains a covalent bond
bond dissociates to form ions
bond between oxogen and hydrogen breaks apart spontaneously
Acid - correct answer ✔✔Dissociates in water to produce H+ ions and an ion
PROTON DONER
The stronger the acids the more dissociation
, Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach
Base - correct answer ✔✔Accepts H+ ions when added to a solution
PROTON ACCEPTOR
More absorption of H+ with stronger bases
Ex. Ammonia and bleach
Less with weaker base:
Ex. Bicarbonate in blood
pH - correct answer ✔✔A measure of the amount of H+ ions in a solution.
pH and H+ concentration are inversely related. - correct answer ✔✔As H+ ion concentration
increases, pH decreases.
As H+ ion concentration decreases, pH increases.
Neutralization - correct answer ✔✔When an acid or base is returned to neutral
One neutralizes the other
Buffer - correct answer ✔✔Helps to neutralize PH from excess acid or base
Act to accept H+ from excess acid or donate H+ to neutralize base
Carbonic acid (weak acid) and bicarbonate (weak base) buffer blood pH
Both help maintain blood pH in a critical range (7.35 to 7.45)
Macromolecules - correct answer ✔✔Lipids, Carbs, Proteins and Nucleic Acid.
Lipids - correct answer ✔✔Water soluble
Practice Questions (2026 Updated)
Atom - correct answer ✔✔the smallest particle exhibiting chemical properties of an element
3 forms of matter - correct answer ✔✔solid, liquid, gas
Chemical compounds - correct answer ✔✔Stable associations between two or more elements
combined in a fixed ratio
Classified as Ionic or Molecular (Covalent)
Ionic compouds - correct answer ✔✔Structures composed of ions held together in a lattice by
ionic bonds
Ions - correct answer ✔✔significant physiological function
For example, K+ (potassium) is used in sports drinks to replace the K+ lost in sweat
For example, K+ in a large dose is used in some states for lethal injection
Cation - correct answer ✔✔Atom loses an electron thereby acquiring a positive charge
Ex. Na+ (sodium) reaches stability by donating an electron
Anion - correct answer ✔✔Atom gains an electron thereby acquiring a negative charge
Ex. Cl- (chlorine) reaches stability by gaining an electron
Polyatomic ions - correct answer ✔✔ions with more than one atom
Ex. HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion)
Ex. HPO43- (Phosphate ion)
,Ionic bonds - correct answer ✔✔Cations and Anions exchange electrons; bound by electrostatic
forces
Called salts
• For example, table salt (NaCl)
• Sodium and chlorine ions are held together by ionic bonds in a lattice crystal structure (ionic
compound)
Molecule - correct answer ✔✔Electrons are shared between atoms of the same element
Ex. Molecular Oxygen (O2)
Molecular Compound - correct answer ✔✔Electrons are shared between atoms of two or more
different elements
Ex. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Molecular formula - correct answer ✔✔Indicates number and type of atoms
Structural formula - correct answer ✔✔Indicates number and type as well as arranged of atoms
within a molecule
Water - correct answer ✔✔contains a covalent bond
bond dissociates to form ions
bond between oxogen and hydrogen breaks apart spontaneously
Acid - correct answer ✔✔Dissociates in water to produce H+ ions and an ion
PROTON DONER
The stronger the acids the more dissociation
, Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach
Base - correct answer ✔✔Accepts H+ ions when added to a solution
PROTON ACCEPTOR
More absorption of H+ with stronger bases
Ex. Ammonia and bleach
Less with weaker base:
Ex. Bicarbonate in blood
pH - correct answer ✔✔A measure of the amount of H+ ions in a solution.
pH and H+ concentration are inversely related. - correct answer ✔✔As H+ ion concentration
increases, pH decreases.
As H+ ion concentration decreases, pH increases.
Neutralization - correct answer ✔✔When an acid or base is returned to neutral
One neutralizes the other
Buffer - correct answer ✔✔Helps to neutralize PH from excess acid or base
Act to accept H+ from excess acid or donate H+ to neutralize base
Carbonic acid (weak acid) and bicarbonate (weak base) buffer blood pH
Both help maintain blood pH in a critical range (7.35 to 7.45)
Macromolecules - correct answer ✔✔Lipids, Carbs, Proteins and Nucleic Acid.
Lipids - correct answer ✔✔Water soluble
