BBH 451 Final Exam Questions With Detailed Verified Correct Answers

the ability to mass produce insulin - correct answers Which of the following is NOT typically considered to be one of the pharmacological revolutions (as defined in the online content)? Phase III - correct answers A drug is designed to treat anxiety. In this phase of the clinical trial process its effectiveness is compared to alprazolam (a commonly-used treatment for anxiety disorders) in a sample of patients who have an anxiety disorder: increase dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft - correct answers A drug is designed that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine. The effect of this drug will generally be to: Phase II - correct answers A drug is designed to treat anxiety. In this phase of the clinical trial process, its effectiveness is measured by testing it against a placebo in a sample of individuals who have an anxiety disorder: by a transporter (reuptake) - correct answers Synaptic transmission using norepinephrine is primarily terminated: therapeutic drug use - correct answers The Smith Papyrus and Ebers Papyrus were both attempts to collect information regarding this type of drug use in one reference: pharmacokinetics - correct answers After administration, it takes about 30 minutes for a drug to be fully absorbed and peak blood concentration levels to be attained. This is a description of the drug's: presynaptic membrane - correct answers Neurotransmitters are typically released from what component of a synapse? ventral tegmental area - correct answers This area, which has high levels of dopamine-producing neurons, is typically activated whenever someone uses an addictive drug (regardless of what drug it is): it would increase - correct answers During pregnancy, the enzyme that metabolizes caffeine (CYP1A2) becomes less effective. If this enzyme is less efficient at metabolizing caffeine during pregnancy, what is likely to happen to the half-life of caffeine for a pregnant woman? agonism - correct answers A drug binds to a receptor and activates the receptor. What type of drug action is this? neuromodulator - correct answers A drug binds to the dopamine receptor at a location that is separate from where dopamine binds. When the drug binds it causes a structural change to the receptor that makes it more likely dopamine will bind to its binding site. The drug is a/an: down-regulation of the serotonin receptor - correct answers If a patient takes a drug that causes high levels of serotonin and excessive activity at the serotonin receptor, which of the following is most likely to happen? dendrites - correct answers Which part/s of a neuron is/are typically responsible for receiving information from other neurons? autonomic nervous system, sympathetic division - correct answers During a job interview you are very nervous, which causes your heart beat to increase significantly. Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for this? less likely - correct answers If someone has a genotype that causes them to metabolize a drug more quickly, are they more or less likely to experience negative side effects from the drug than someone who does not metabolize the drug very quickly? it minimizes bias that might result from a non-random way of assigning participants to groups - correct answers What is the purpose of randomization in a clinical trial? in some individuals, the drug was not properly activated, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events like a heart-attack - correct answers In 2010, the FDA required a black box warning be put on clopidogrel (Plavix) because: pharmacokinetic tolerance - correct answers After a year of chronic drinking, John has developed higher levels of enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism in his stomach. This causes less of the drug to reach his bloodstream after administration and is an example of: would have a lower level of activity in her frontal lobes - correct answers Based on our discussion of hypofrontality, you would expect that a methamphetamine addict: MAO-I - correct answers Patients who take this type of drug must be vigilant about their diet to make sure they don't consume foods high in tyramine: norepinephrine - correct answers In addition to serotonin, duloxetine inhibits the reuptake of what other neurotransmitter? prozac - correct answers The trade name for the drug fluoxetine is: pharmacodynamic tolerance - correct answers Sue has been using benzodiazepines for several months. Increased levels of GABA neurotransmission in her brain have led to down-regulation of GABA receptors. She now requires a higher dose of benzodiazepines to experience an effect. This is an example of: false - correct answers True or false: cocaine is metabolized by cytochrome p450 enzymes. false - correct answers Schizophrenia is another term for multiple personality disorder. 6 hours - correct answers Which of the following is an accurate estimate of the half-life of MDMA? cocaine - correct answers Out of cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine, which drug has the shortest half-life? package neurotransmitters into vesicles - correct answers The role of VMAT-2 is to: an inability to experience pleasure - correct answers Anhedonia is a term used to describe: false - correct answers Most scientists believe that low serotonin levels fully explain the neurobiological mechanism of depression. blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin - correct answers Cocaine achieves its psychological effects primarily by: movement-related problems - correct answers Tardive dyskinesia, a potentially irreversible side effect of phenothiazines, involves: high - correct answers According to the dopamine hypothesis of schizoprhenia, dopamine levels in schizophrenics are too: intranasal - correct answers The most common method of administration for cocaine is: opioid antagonist - correct answers Naltrexone acts as a/an: causing increased release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin - correct answers The primary mechanism of action of the amphetamines involves: thiamine - correct answers Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is due to a deficiency in what nutrient? increased - correct answers The half-life of caffeine during pregnancy is: less efficiently than younger people - correct answers The elderly typically metabolize benzodiazepines: antagonist - correct answers Caffeine acts as a/an ______________ at the adenosine receptor. inhibition of cyclooxyrgenase, which decreases prostaglandin levels - correct answers The mechanism of action of NSAIDs involves: it deters abuse of buprenorphine by causing withdrawal if high doses of Suboxone are taken - correct answers Mixing naloxone with buprenorphine has what effect? alcohol dehydrogenase - correct answers Which enzyme in alcohol metabolism is responsible for converting alcohol to acetaldehyde? mu - correct answers Which class of opioid receptors is thought to be most responsible for the analgesic effects of opioids? inhibiting the activity of sodium channels - correct answers Which of the following is a common mechanism of action for anticonvulsant drugs? serotonin receptor - correct answers LSD acts primarily as an agonist at the: neuromodulation - correct answers Benzodiazepines increase GABA activity via what mechanism? GABA - correct answers Acamprosate is thought to work to treat alcoholism (in part) by increasing ____________ activity. false - correct answers Barbiturates are considered generally safe drugs. increased, decreased - correct answers Alcohol's pharmacodynamics involves neuromodulation that leads to ___________ GABA activity and ____________ glutamate activity. 2.5-10 hours - correct answers The half-life for caffeine is: glutamate - correct answers PCP and ketamine both act as antagonists at the ____ receptor. down-regulation of opioid receptors - correct answers which is thought to be at least partially responsible for opioid tolerance and withdrawal? down-regulation of serotonin receptors - correct answers The ability of LSD to cause rapid increases in tolerance is thought to be due to: false - correct answers The pharmacodynamic mechanism by which lithium works to stabilize mood has been clearly defined. serotonin receptor - correct answers Buspirone is an anxiolytic drug that acts at the: alzheimer's disease - correct answers the most common neurodegenerative disease is partial agonist - correct answers Varenicline is a/an _____________ at the acetylcholine receptor. false - correct answers The effects of smoking on the fetus are comparable to those of alcohol, in that the drug is definitively linked to clear physical abnormalities and lasting cognitive deficits. CYP3A4 - correct answers Which of the following enzymes is involved in the metabolism of cannabis? the fact that nicotine increases sympathetic nervous system activity, but users describe its effects as relaxing - correct answers Nesbitt's paradox describes: acetylcholine agonist - correct answers Which of the following would best describe typical nicotine replacement therapy approaches, like a nicotine patch or gum? CYP2A6 - correct answers Nicotine is metabolized by: false - correct answers There is a substantial amount of evidence that suggests echinacea is effective in the prevention of colds and other minor illnesses. inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, thus raising acetylcholine levels - correct answers Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors work by: lipophilicity - correct answers This characteristic of THC causes it to be stored in fatty tissue and released gradually, which prolongs half-life: is more effective than placebo in the treatment of symptoms of anxiety - correct answers The evidence discussed in the online content suggests that kava: 0 - correct answers The number of verified deaths attributable solely to cannabis administration is: inhibit the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine outside of the brain - correct answers carbidopa is used in Parkinson's disease treatment to: mood - correct answers St. John's wort is an herbal supplement that is sometimes used as a natural way to improve: agonist, acetylcholine - correct answers Nicotine's primary pharmacodynamic mechanism is as a/an ______________ at the _______________ receptor. glutamate - correct answers Memantine acts as an antagonist at the _________ receptor. substantia nigra - correct answers Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopamine neurons in what region of the brain? antagonist - correct answers Bupropion is a/an ________________ at the acetylcholine receptor. age - correct answers Typically, the best predictor of how rapidly Parkinson's disease will progress is: chemotherapy-related nausea - correct answers Evidence supports the use of THC to treat which of the following conditions?