BIOS 255 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
170 Points
Know your phils
Neutrophil – phagocytosis, macrophage from monocyte
Eosinophil – combat histamine, parasitic worms, phagocytize antigen-
antibody complexes
Basophil – mast cells liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin, in allergic
reactions, intensify allergic response
Importunate of iron
The iron portion if the heme group binds oxygen for transport by
hemoglobin
Each of the four polypeptide chains of a hemoglobin molecule has one heme
group which contains an iron ion (Fe2+)
4 iron ions per hemoglobin
Inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss of iron, increased iron
requirement, or insufficient intake of iron causes iron-deficiency anemia,
the most common type of anemia. Women are at greater risk for iron-
deficiency anemia due to menstrual blood losses and increased iron demands
of the growing fetus during pregnancy. Gastrointestinal losses, such as those
that occur with malignancy or ulceration, also contribute to this type of
anemia.
Elasticity in blood vessels
Elastic arteries are the largest arteries in the body
Internal and external elastic lamaellae in arteries
o Help propel blood along in the arteries
Elasticity helps accommodate the surge of blood
o As they stretch the elastic fibers momentarily store mechanical energy
– Pressure reservoir
Stretch during ventricular contraction, and recoil during ventricular
relaxation
Venous drainage
All veins of the systemic circulation drain into the superior vena
cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus
coronary sinus receives blood from the cardiac veins that drain the heart;
with few exceptions, the superior vena cava receives blood from other veins
, superior to the diaphragm, except the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs; the
inferior vena cava receives blood from veins inferior to the diaphragm.
Superior vena cava – head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax
IVC – abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs,
Internal jugular veins – brain, meninges, bones of the cranium, muscles and
tissues of the face
Superior sagittal sinus (SAJ-i-tal = arrow) begins at Nasal cavity; superior,
frontal bone, where it receives vein from nasal cavity, lateral, and medial
and passes posteriorly to occipital bone along midline of aspects of cerebrum;
skull deep to sagittal suture. It usually angles to right skull bones; meninges.
and drains into right transverse sinus. Medial aspects of
2.Inferior sagittal sinus is much smaller than superior cerebrum and
sagittal sinus. It begins posterior to attachment of falx diencephalon.
cerebri and receives great cerebral vein to become Medial and inferior
straight sinus. aspects of cerebrum and
3.Straight sinus runs in tentorium cerebelli and is the cerebellum.
formed by union of inferior sagittal sinus and great
cerebral vein. It typically drains into left transverse Lateral and posterior
sinus. aspect of cerebrum and
4.Sigmoid sinuses (SIG-moyd = S-shaped) are located the cerebellum.
along posterior aspect of petrous temporal bone. They Orbits, nasal cavity,
begin where transverse sinuses and superior petrosal frontal regions of
sinuses anastomose and terminate in internal jugular cerebrum, and superior
vein at jugular foramen. aspect of brain stem.
5.Cavernous sinuses (KAV-er-nus = cavelike) are
located on both sides of the body of the sphenoid bone.
Ophthalmic veins from orbits and cerebral veins from
cerebral hemispheres, along with other small sinuses,
empty into cavernous sinuses. They drain posteriorly to
petrosal sinuses to eventually return to internal jugular
veins. Cavernous sinuses are unique because they have
major blood vessels and nerves passing through them on
their way to orbit and face. Oculomotor (III) nerve,
trochlear (IV) nerve, ophthalmic and maxillary branches
of the trigeminal (V) nerve, abducens (VI) nerve, and
internal carotid arteries pass through cavernous sinuses.
External jugular veins – scalp and skin of head and neck, muscle of the face
and neck, and oral cavity and pharynx
170 Points
Know your phils
Neutrophil – phagocytosis, macrophage from monocyte
Eosinophil – combat histamine, parasitic worms, phagocytize antigen-
antibody complexes
Basophil – mast cells liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin, in allergic
reactions, intensify allergic response
Importunate of iron
The iron portion if the heme group binds oxygen for transport by
hemoglobin
Each of the four polypeptide chains of a hemoglobin molecule has one heme
group which contains an iron ion (Fe2+)
4 iron ions per hemoglobin
Inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss of iron, increased iron
requirement, or insufficient intake of iron causes iron-deficiency anemia,
the most common type of anemia. Women are at greater risk for iron-
deficiency anemia due to menstrual blood losses and increased iron demands
of the growing fetus during pregnancy. Gastrointestinal losses, such as those
that occur with malignancy or ulceration, also contribute to this type of
anemia.
Elasticity in blood vessels
Elastic arteries are the largest arteries in the body
Internal and external elastic lamaellae in arteries
o Help propel blood along in the arteries
Elasticity helps accommodate the surge of blood
o As they stretch the elastic fibers momentarily store mechanical energy
– Pressure reservoir
Stretch during ventricular contraction, and recoil during ventricular
relaxation
Venous drainage
All veins of the systemic circulation drain into the superior vena
cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus
coronary sinus receives blood from the cardiac veins that drain the heart;
with few exceptions, the superior vena cava receives blood from other veins
, superior to the diaphragm, except the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs; the
inferior vena cava receives blood from veins inferior to the diaphragm.
Superior vena cava – head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax
IVC – abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs,
Internal jugular veins – brain, meninges, bones of the cranium, muscles and
tissues of the face
Superior sagittal sinus (SAJ-i-tal = arrow) begins at Nasal cavity; superior,
frontal bone, where it receives vein from nasal cavity, lateral, and medial
and passes posteriorly to occipital bone along midline of aspects of cerebrum;
skull deep to sagittal suture. It usually angles to right skull bones; meninges.
and drains into right transverse sinus. Medial aspects of
2.Inferior sagittal sinus is much smaller than superior cerebrum and
sagittal sinus. It begins posterior to attachment of falx diencephalon.
cerebri and receives great cerebral vein to become Medial and inferior
straight sinus. aspects of cerebrum and
3.Straight sinus runs in tentorium cerebelli and is the cerebellum.
formed by union of inferior sagittal sinus and great
cerebral vein. It typically drains into left transverse Lateral and posterior
sinus. aspect of cerebrum and
4.Sigmoid sinuses (SIG-moyd = S-shaped) are located the cerebellum.
along posterior aspect of petrous temporal bone. They Orbits, nasal cavity,
begin where transverse sinuses and superior petrosal frontal regions of
sinuses anastomose and terminate in internal jugular cerebrum, and superior
vein at jugular foramen. aspect of brain stem.
5.Cavernous sinuses (KAV-er-nus = cavelike) are
located on both sides of the body of the sphenoid bone.
Ophthalmic veins from orbits and cerebral veins from
cerebral hemispheres, along with other small sinuses,
empty into cavernous sinuses. They drain posteriorly to
petrosal sinuses to eventually return to internal jugular
veins. Cavernous sinuses are unique because they have
major blood vessels and nerves passing through them on
their way to orbit and face. Oculomotor (III) nerve,
trochlear (IV) nerve, ophthalmic and maxillary branches
of the trigeminal (V) nerve, abducens (VI) nerve, and
internal carotid arteries pass through cavernous sinuses.
External jugular veins – scalp and skin of head and neck, muscle of the face
and neck, and oral cavity and pharynx
