Biology 101 Exam 2 Questions And Answers 20 25/2026
Differences between haploid and diploid number of chromosomes - CORRECT
ANSWER-Haploid: cell has half of the chromosomes needed (n=#)
Diploid: cell has all the chromosomes necessary (2n=#)
Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-contain the long
strands of DNA that carry genetic information; sister chromatids make the pair
Level of DNA packaging of chromosome before mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER-
chromosome becomes condensed
Level of DNA packaging of chromosome after mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER-
chromosome decondenses
Stages of eukaryotic cell cycle - CORRECT ANSWER-1) G1 phase
2) S phase (DNA synthesis occurs)
3)G2 phase
4) M phase
,interphase - CORRECT ANSWER-during this stage the cell is copying its DNA for
mitosis
has 3 checkpoints: 1) G1 phase 2) G2 phase 3) M (Metaphase) phase
Cytokinesis of an animal cell - CORRECT ANSWER-the end of mitosis--> when cell
is split into 2 different cells
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER-when the cell is too damaged to be repaired, aka
"cell suicide"
binary fission - CORRECT ANSWER-cell division in prokaryotic cells
cell cycle checkpoints and functions - CORRECT ANSWER-1) G1 phase: checks for
growth factor 2) G2 phase: checks for completion of DNA replication 3) M
(Metaphase) phase: checks if chromosomes are attached to microtubules
normal cell division vs unregulated cell division - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal Cell
will fix initial problem made during cell division
Unregulated Cell will not fix the problem and continue to grow
Properties of a Normal Cell - CORRECT ANSWER-growth factors to stimulate
divisions, exhibits anchorage properties, and has density-dependent inhibition
, Properties of Cancer Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-problem isn't fixed and goes past
checkpoints, cells divide uncontrollably, cells become immortal, forms tumors
Signal Transduction - CORRECT ANSWER-getting message across membrane
Signal Transduction Stages - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Reception: Receive signal-->
signal binds to receptor--> receptor activated--> changes shape
2) Transduction: active receptor--> activated relay molecule
3) response: cells are going to react-> regulates cell
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER-cascades of
molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
[protein kinase/phosphates]
proto-oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-genes that encode signals, receptors, signal
molecule, and control proteins
oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-mutated proto-oncogenes; cause cancer
proto-oncogene becoming an oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER-1) point mutation
2)gene amplification (mistakes in replication or mitosis, higher # of genes)
Differences between haploid and diploid number of chromosomes - CORRECT
ANSWER-Haploid: cell has half of the chromosomes needed (n=#)
Diploid: cell has all the chromosomes necessary (2n=#)
Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-contain the long
strands of DNA that carry genetic information; sister chromatids make the pair
Level of DNA packaging of chromosome before mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER-
chromosome becomes condensed
Level of DNA packaging of chromosome after mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER-
chromosome decondenses
Stages of eukaryotic cell cycle - CORRECT ANSWER-1) G1 phase
2) S phase (DNA synthesis occurs)
3)G2 phase
4) M phase
,interphase - CORRECT ANSWER-during this stage the cell is copying its DNA for
mitosis
has 3 checkpoints: 1) G1 phase 2) G2 phase 3) M (Metaphase) phase
Cytokinesis of an animal cell - CORRECT ANSWER-the end of mitosis--> when cell
is split into 2 different cells
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER-when the cell is too damaged to be repaired, aka
"cell suicide"
binary fission - CORRECT ANSWER-cell division in prokaryotic cells
cell cycle checkpoints and functions - CORRECT ANSWER-1) G1 phase: checks for
growth factor 2) G2 phase: checks for completion of DNA replication 3) M
(Metaphase) phase: checks if chromosomes are attached to microtubules
normal cell division vs unregulated cell division - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal Cell
will fix initial problem made during cell division
Unregulated Cell will not fix the problem and continue to grow
Properties of a Normal Cell - CORRECT ANSWER-growth factors to stimulate
divisions, exhibits anchorage properties, and has density-dependent inhibition
, Properties of Cancer Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-problem isn't fixed and goes past
checkpoints, cells divide uncontrollably, cells become immortal, forms tumors
Signal Transduction - CORRECT ANSWER-getting message across membrane
Signal Transduction Stages - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Reception: Receive signal-->
signal binds to receptor--> receptor activated--> changes shape
2) Transduction: active receptor--> activated relay molecule
3) response: cells are going to react-> regulates cell
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER-cascades of
molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
[protein kinase/phosphates]
proto-oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-genes that encode signals, receptors, signal
molecule, and control proteins
oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-mutated proto-oncogenes; cause cancer
proto-oncogene becoming an oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER-1) point mutation
2)gene amplification (mistakes in replication or mitosis, higher # of genes)
