BIO 299 LEC 1 2 3 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
What are helminths? - Answers Parasitic worms belonging to Kingdom Animalia and Domain Eukarya.
What is helminthiasis? - Answers Infection caused by parasitic worms.
What are the two major groups of helminths? - Answers Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Nematodes (Roundworms)
What is a definitive host? - Answers Host in which the parasite reaches adulthood and reproduces
sexually.
What is an intermediate host? - Answers Host containing larval stages of the parasite.
What does monoecious mean? - Answers One organism contains both male and female reproductive
organs.
What does dioecious mean? - Answers Male and female organisms are separate.
What are the two classes of Platyhelminthes? - Answers Trematodes (Flukes)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
What are trematodes? - Answers Flat, leaf-shaped parasitic flukes with oral and ventral suckers.
What type of fluke is Schistosoma mansoni? - Answers Blood fluke.
Is Schistosoma mansoni monoecious or dioecious? - Answers Dioecious.
How can you identify male and female Schistosoma? - Answers Male = short and stout.
Female = long and thin.
What structure does the male Schistosoma use to hold the female? - Answers Gynecophoric canal.
What type of fluke is Paragonimus westermani? - Answers Lung fluke.
What disease does Paragonimus westermani cause? - Answers Paragonimiasis.
Is Paragonimus westermani monoecious or dioecious? - Answers Monoecious.
How do humans become infected with Paragonimus westermani? - Answers Eating undercooked crab
or crayfish.
What type of fluke is Clonorchis sinensis? - Answers Liver fluke.
How do humans become infected with Clonorchis sinensis? - Answers Eating raw or undercooked
fish.
What organ is primarily infected by Clonorchis sinensis? - Answers Liver.
What are cestodes? - Answers Tapeworms that live in intestines and absorb nutrients from the host.
Do cestodes have a digestive system? - Answers No.
What is the scolex? - Answers Tapeworm head used for attachment.
What structures are found on the scolex? - Answers Four suckers and hooks.
What are proglottids? - Answers Body segments containing reproductive organs.
What structure is often species-specific in tapeworms? - Answers Uterine pattern of gravid
proglottids.
What is Taenia saginata? - Answers Beef tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host for Taenia saginata? - Answers Humans.
Who is the intermediate host for Taenia saginata? - Answers Cattle.
What is the larval stage called? - Answers Cysticercus (cysticerci).
How do humans acquire Taenia saginata? - Answers Eating undercooked beef containing cysticerci.
What specimen might you identify in lab? - Answers Egg, proglottid, or adult tapeworm.
What is Taenia solium? - Answers Pork tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host for Taenia solium? - Answers Humans.
Who is the intermediate host for Taenia solium? - Answers Pigs.
What disease can the larvae of Taenia solium cause? - Answers Cysticercosis.
What is the most dangerous form of cysticercosis? - Answers Neurocysticercosis.
What organ is affected in neurocysticercosis? - Answers Brain.
What specimen may be identified in lab for Taenia solium? - Answers Taenia solium ova.
What is Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Hydatid (dog) tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Dogs and other carnivores.
Who are the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Humans, sheep, and deer.
What forms in the liver and lungs due to Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Hydatid cysts.
Are humans definitive or intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Intermediate
hosts.
What specimens may be identified for Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Egg and hydatid cyst
section.
, What shape are nematodes? - Answers Cylindrical and tapered at both ends.
Do nematodes have a complete digestive tract? - Answers Yes.
Are most nematodes monoecious or dioecious? - Answers Dioecious.
Which sex is usually smaller in nematodes? - Answers Male.
What distinctive feature does the male nematode often have? - Answers Curved tail.
What is Enterobius vermicularis? - Answers Pinworm.
What is the most common worm infection in U.S. children? - Answers Enterobius vermicularis.
What is the infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis? - Answers Egg.
How is Enterobius vermicularis diagnosed? - Answers Graham sticky tape test.
Where are the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis laid? - Answers Perianal region.
What specimens may be identified for Enterobius vermicularis? - Answers Adult male and eggs.
What is Ascaris lumbricoides? - Answers Giant intestinal roundworm.
What disease does Ascaris lumbricoides cause? - Answers Ascariasis.
What is the largest intestinal roundworm? - Answers Ascaris lumbricoides.
How many eggs can a female Ascaris lumbricoides produce daily? - Answers About 200,000.
What specimen may be identified for Ascaris lumbricoides? - Answers Ascaris ova.
What is Trichuris trichiura? - Answers Whipworm.
What disease does Trichuris trichiura cause? - Answers Trichuriasis.
What is the infective stage of Trichuris trichiura? - Answers Egg.
What is the classic appearance of Trichuris eggs? - Answers Football-shaped with bipolar plugs.
What specimen may be identified for Trichuris trichiura? - Answers Ova.
What is Necator americanus? - Answers Hookworm.
What stage infects humans in Necator americanus? - Answers Larvae.
How do hookworms enter the body? - Answers Burrow through bare feet.
What disease commonly results from hookworm infection? - Answers Anemia.
What specimen may be identified for Necator americanus? - Answers Hookworm ova.
What disease does Trichinella spiralis cause? - Answers Trichinellosis.
How is Trichinella spiralis acquired? - Answers Eating undercooked pork.
Where do the larvae of Trichinella spiralis encyst? - Answers Striated skeletal muscle.
What specimen may be identified for Trichinella spiralis? - Answers Encysted larvae in muscle tissue.
Which parasite causes neurocysticercosis? - Answers Taenia solium.
Which parasite is diagnosed by the Graham sticky tape test? - Answers Enterobius vermicularis.
Which parasite has football-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs? - Answers Trichuris trichiura.
Which parasite penetrates through bare feet? - Answers Necator americanus.
Which parasite forms hydatid cysts? - Answers Echinococcus granulosus.
Which parasite is transmitted by undercooked beef? - Answers Taenia saginata.
Which parasite is transmitted by undercooked pork and encysts in muscle? - Answers Trichinella
spiralis.
Which parasite is the largest intestinal roundworm? - Answers Ascaris lumbricoides.
What is a scolex? - Answers The attachment head of a tapeworm.
What are proglottids? - Answers Tapeworm body segments containing reproductive organs.
What domain do protozoa belong to? - Answers Eukarya (Eukaryotic organisms)
What kingdom do protozoa belong to? - Answers Protista
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular? - Answers Unicellular
Are protozoa free-living or parasitic? - Answers Both
Where are protozoa commonly found? - Answers Water and soil
Approximately how many protozoan species exist? - Answers About 100,000
Approximately how many protozoan species are important human pathogens? - Answers About 25
What is a trophozoite? - Answers Active feeding and growing stage
What is a cyst? - Answers Dormant protective stage
What process forms a cyst? - Answers Encystment
What process converts a cyst back into a trophozoite? - Answers Excystment
Why do protozoa form cysts? - Answers To survive adverse conditions
What are three methods of asexual reproduction in protozoa? - Answers Binary fission, budding,
schizogony
What is schizogony? - Answers Multiple fission producing many offspring
What is the major sexual reproductive process in protozoa? - Answers Conjugation
What are helminths? - Answers Parasitic worms belonging to Kingdom Animalia and Domain Eukarya.
What is helminthiasis? - Answers Infection caused by parasitic worms.
What are the two major groups of helminths? - Answers Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Nematodes (Roundworms)
What is a definitive host? - Answers Host in which the parasite reaches adulthood and reproduces
sexually.
What is an intermediate host? - Answers Host containing larval stages of the parasite.
What does monoecious mean? - Answers One organism contains both male and female reproductive
organs.
What does dioecious mean? - Answers Male and female organisms are separate.
What are the two classes of Platyhelminthes? - Answers Trematodes (Flukes)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
What are trematodes? - Answers Flat, leaf-shaped parasitic flukes with oral and ventral suckers.
What type of fluke is Schistosoma mansoni? - Answers Blood fluke.
Is Schistosoma mansoni monoecious or dioecious? - Answers Dioecious.
How can you identify male and female Schistosoma? - Answers Male = short and stout.
Female = long and thin.
What structure does the male Schistosoma use to hold the female? - Answers Gynecophoric canal.
What type of fluke is Paragonimus westermani? - Answers Lung fluke.
What disease does Paragonimus westermani cause? - Answers Paragonimiasis.
Is Paragonimus westermani monoecious or dioecious? - Answers Monoecious.
How do humans become infected with Paragonimus westermani? - Answers Eating undercooked crab
or crayfish.
What type of fluke is Clonorchis sinensis? - Answers Liver fluke.
How do humans become infected with Clonorchis sinensis? - Answers Eating raw or undercooked
fish.
What organ is primarily infected by Clonorchis sinensis? - Answers Liver.
What are cestodes? - Answers Tapeworms that live in intestines and absorb nutrients from the host.
Do cestodes have a digestive system? - Answers No.
What is the scolex? - Answers Tapeworm head used for attachment.
What structures are found on the scolex? - Answers Four suckers and hooks.
What are proglottids? - Answers Body segments containing reproductive organs.
What structure is often species-specific in tapeworms? - Answers Uterine pattern of gravid
proglottids.
What is Taenia saginata? - Answers Beef tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host for Taenia saginata? - Answers Humans.
Who is the intermediate host for Taenia saginata? - Answers Cattle.
What is the larval stage called? - Answers Cysticercus (cysticerci).
How do humans acquire Taenia saginata? - Answers Eating undercooked beef containing cysticerci.
What specimen might you identify in lab? - Answers Egg, proglottid, or adult tapeworm.
What is Taenia solium? - Answers Pork tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host for Taenia solium? - Answers Humans.
Who is the intermediate host for Taenia solium? - Answers Pigs.
What disease can the larvae of Taenia solium cause? - Answers Cysticercosis.
What is the most dangerous form of cysticercosis? - Answers Neurocysticercosis.
What organ is affected in neurocysticercosis? - Answers Brain.
What specimen may be identified in lab for Taenia solium? - Answers Taenia solium ova.
What is Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Hydatid (dog) tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Dogs and other carnivores.
Who are the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Humans, sheep, and deer.
What forms in the liver and lungs due to Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Hydatid cysts.
Are humans definitive or intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Intermediate
hosts.
What specimens may be identified for Echinococcus granulosus? - Answers Egg and hydatid cyst
section.
, What shape are nematodes? - Answers Cylindrical and tapered at both ends.
Do nematodes have a complete digestive tract? - Answers Yes.
Are most nematodes monoecious or dioecious? - Answers Dioecious.
Which sex is usually smaller in nematodes? - Answers Male.
What distinctive feature does the male nematode often have? - Answers Curved tail.
What is Enterobius vermicularis? - Answers Pinworm.
What is the most common worm infection in U.S. children? - Answers Enterobius vermicularis.
What is the infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis? - Answers Egg.
How is Enterobius vermicularis diagnosed? - Answers Graham sticky tape test.
Where are the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis laid? - Answers Perianal region.
What specimens may be identified for Enterobius vermicularis? - Answers Adult male and eggs.
What is Ascaris lumbricoides? - Answers Giant intestinal roundworm.
What disease does Ascaris lumbricoides cause? - Answers Ascariasis.
What is the largest intestinal roundworm? - Answers Ascaris lumbricoides.
How many eggs can a female Ascaris lumbricoides produce daily? - Answers About 200,000.
What specimen may be identified for Ascaris lumbricoides? - Answers Ascaris ova.
What is Trichuris trichiura? - Answers Whipworm.
What disease does Trichuris trichiura cause? - Answers Trichuriasis.
What is the infective stage of Trichuris trichiura? - Answers Egg.
What is the classic appearance of Trichuris eggs? - Answers Football-shaped with bipolar plugs.
What specimen may be identified for Trichuris trichiura? - Answers Ova.
What is Necator americanus? - Answers Hookworm.
What stage infects humans in Necator americanus? - Answers Larvae.
How do hookworms enter the body? - Answers Burrow through bare feet.
What disease commonly results from hookworm infection? - Answers Anemia.
What specimen may be identified for Necator americanus? - Answers Hookworm ova.
What disease does Trichinella spiralis cause? - Answers Trichinellosis.
How is Trichinella spiralis acquired? - Answers Eating undercooked pork.
Where do the larvae of Trichinella spiralis encyst? - Answers Striated skeletal muscle.
What specimen may be identified for Trichinella spiralis? - Answers Encysted larvae in muscle tissue.
Which parasite causes neurocysticercosis? - Answers Taenia solium.
Which parasite is diagnosed by the Graham sticky tape test? - Answers Enterobius vermicularis.
Which parasite has football-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs? - Answers Trichuris trichiura.
Which parasite penetrates through bare feet? - Answers Necator americanus.
Which parasite forms hydatid cysts? - Answers Echinococcus granulosus.
Which parasite is transmitted by undercooked beef? - Answers Taenia saginata.
Which parasite is transmitted by undercooked pork and encysts in muscle? - Answers Trichinella
spiralis.
Which parasite is the largest intestinal roundworm? - Answers Ascaris lumbricoides.
What is a scolex? - Answers The attachment head of a tapeworm.
What are proglottids? - Answers Tapeworm body segments containing reproductive organs.
What domain do protozoa belong to? - Answers Eukarya (Eukaryotic organisms)
What kingdom do protozoa belong to? - Answers Protista
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular? - Answers Unicellular
Are protozoa free-living or parasitic? - Answers Both
Where are protozoa commonly found? - Answers Water and soil
Approximately how many protozoan species exist? - Answers About 100,000
Approximately how many protozoan species are important human pathogens? - Answers About 25
What is a trophozoite? - Answers Active feeding and growing stage
What is a cyst? - Answers Dormant protective stage
What process forms a cyst? - Answers Encystment
What process converts a cyst back into a trophozoite? - Answers Excystment
Why do protozoa form cysts? - Answers To survive adverse conditions
What are three methods of asexual reproduction in protozoa? - Answers Binary fission, budding,
schizogony
What is schizogony? - Answers Multiple fission producing many offspring
What is the major sexual reproductive process in protozoa? - Answers Conjugation
